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Biol 1407 SPC > EXAM 3 > Flashcards

EXAM 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Ch 32.
Phylogenetic relationships in Animal Kingdom

Ancestor of animals? Supporting evidence?

A

Choanoflagellate bc of Morphological & Molecular evidence
- This means that share key structures and functions.
- Share genes that encode certain proteins called Cadherins
( How animals cells attach each other)
( Cell signaling pathways)

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2
Q

Ch 32.
Phylogenetic relationships in Animal Kingdom

Basal taxon? Why?

A

Phylum Porifera (sponges)

  • Lack tissues
  • No hox genes
  • asymmetrical
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3
Q

Ch 32
Phylogenetic relationships in Animal Kingdom

Emphasis on phylogenetic relationships in Animal Kingdom

A

look at the map

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4
Q

Ch 32.
Animal body plans

Types of Symmetry and Differences

A

Asymmetry - Animals cannot be divided into similar halves on any plane ( ex: sponges)

Radial Symmetry- Arrangement of parts around single main axis ( ex: jellyfish)
No true head—> only 2 tissue layers
+ Aboral & Oral (mouth)

Bilateral Symmetry- Arrangement of an organism along a central axis so organism can be divided into 2 equal halves (ex; humans, fish, snakes, etc) (more complexity)
+ Anterior (front), ventral (belly), dorsal (back/spine), posterior (bottom)

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5
Q

Ch 32.
Tissues

Diploblastic vs Triploblastic

What does gastrulation do?

A

Diploblastic = 2 embryonic tissue layers

Triploblastic = 3 embryonic tissue layers

During Gastrulation, germ layers forms various tissue and organs of the body

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6
Q

Ch 32.
Tissues

3 Types of Tissues

Know which structures each tissue layer gives rise to during embryonic development

A

Ectoderm = gives rise to outer covering of an animals and in some phyla (central nervous system)

Endoderm = gives rise to digestive tract and organs of vertebrates

Mesoderm = forms muscles and most organs b/w digestive tract and outer covering of the animal

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7
Q

Ch 32.
Body Cavities (*Coelom)

Define/Describe 3 Types of Body Cavities

A

Coelomates = possess a TRUE COELOM from mesoderm
- Mesenteries ( inner and outer layers of tissue surround cavity connect and form structure that suspend internal organs)

Pseudocoelomates (false) = possess a PSEDOCOELOM formed from mesoderm and endoderm (organs lies freely w/in cavity

Acoelmates = lack a body cavity (organs encased w/in body tissue

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8
Q

Ch 32.
Body Cavities

Be able to give examples of animals that posses each type of (3) Body Cavities

A

Coelomates = earthworms, mammals, reptiles
=> Have mesentaries (rounded and suspending internal organs)

Pseudocoelomates = nematodes
=> have false round, no mesentaries, no organ structure

Acoelomate = flat worm “Planaria)
=> solid mass not much for organ development (looks like a squashed triangle)

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8
Q

Trends of animal evolution

Simple —————> complex

Asymmetry —–> Radial —–> bilateral

sessile (attach to substrate & will not move) -> gentle stirrings/swim —-> Run, jump, walk…

Filter feeders ( nutrition) —-> herbivory, scavengar, detritivores —-> predatory

A

What are the benefits of body cavities?

  • Facilitate larger body size
  • May act as hydrostatic skeleton (support body but remain flexible)
  • More room for organ development
  • greater area for exchange
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9
Q

Ch 33.
Phylum Porifera

1) Unique characteristics

A

Sponges
- sessile & lack true tissues
- filter feeders

Two cell Layers
- gas exchange + waste removal by diffusion

Reproduction = Monoecious (one will have male + female sex cell)
some undergo asexual reproduction

Totipotent (cell capable in giving rise to any cell type with sponge)

Ameobocytes = Take up food and carry nutrient to other cells
- Make tough skeletal fibers called spicules (rigid) or flexible fibers w/ spongin (flexible)

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10
Q

Ch 33.
Phylum Porifera

2) Anatomy of sponge & function of cells types

A

Osculum= opening thru which water exits

Spongocoel = interior space

Choanocytes = flagellated cell w/ collar that function in filter feeding

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11
Q

Ch 33.
Phylum Cnidaria

1) unique Characteristics

2) Two body morphs

A

1) Sessile + motile form
- diploblastic (only 2 embryonic bodies = no body cavity)
- radial symmetry (oral + aboral)(based on location of mouth)

2) Polyps = Mouth/anus on top, body stalk on bottom * squiggly lines up

Medusa = mouth/anus on bottom *squiggly lines down

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12
Q

Ch 33.
Phylum Cnidaria

3) Know anatomical and physiological structures that were emphasized

A

Contain Cnidocytes= cells for defense and prey capture
- contain cnidae= organelles exploding outward
- Nemotocysts= stinging thread that penetrate body wall of prey

Nerve Net= response to stimulus (depends on stimulus strength)

Diffusion- travel by short distance, very quick, all cell contact by water

2 clades of cnidarians:
- Medusozoans= produce a Medusa (go thru alternation of generation)
- Anthozoans = polyp only, don’t go thru alterations of generation, gastrovascular cavity) Exoskeleton made up of calcium carbonate

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13
Q

Ch 33.
Phylum Cnidaria

4) Alternation of generations

A

meiosis- release egg + sperm
Dioecious (2 separate sexes)
Polyp= asexual, sessile form
Medusa= free swimming sexual generation
Larva = alternation of generations (Panula)

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14
Q

Ch 33.
Phylum Platyhelminthes

1) Unique Characteristics

A

Flat worms

-Bilateral symmetry
- Triploblastic
- Central nervous system (nerve ladder)
- Acoelomate (no body cavity)
- No organ for circulation
- Flatted shape beneficial? => increase surface area

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15
Q

Ch 33.
Phylum Platyhelminthes

2) Know anatomical and physiological structures that were emphasized

A
  • Protonephridia network of tubules with ciliated structures called FLAME BULBS, pull fluid thru branched ducts opening to outside
  • or allows osmoregulation

-Digestive cavity with 1 opening
- Diverticula = branch off gastrovascular cavity ( increase surface area for nutrient absorbtion + distribution.

  • Auricles = chemosensory
  • eyespots = photosensory
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16
Q

Ch 33.
Phylum Platyhelminthes

3) Evolutionary adaptations to parasitic lifestyles

A

They have dorsoventrally flattened body and bear hooks and suckers to get attached inside the body of the host.

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17
Q

Ch 33.
Phylum Mollusca

1) Unique Characteristics
(for phylum and each class)

A
  • All soft bodied
  • Most secrete HARD PROTECTIVE SHELL made up of CALCIUM CARBONATE
  • slugs, squids, + octopuses have reduced internal shell or lost completely
    squids= reduced slugs+octopus = lost

Class Polyplacophora (many plates)
- Chitons
- 8 dorsal plates, foot= locomotion + suction to surface, RADULA eat algae off rock surface

Class Gastropoda
- Rippling motion by foot or cilia, single + spiraled shell, eye stalks (head w/ eyes at tips of tentacles), Terrestrial snails lack gills= mantle functions as lungs (gas exchange)

Class Bivalvia
- All aquatic
-ADDUCTOR MUSCLES = draw them tightly together to protect soft body (2 halves connected by hinge)
- no distinct head
- FILTER FEEDER

Class Cephalopoda
- Active marine predators
- Shell reduces and internal
- Well develops sense organs
- Complex brain = most intelligent

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18
Q

Ch 33.
Phylum Mollusca

2) Know anatomical and physiological structures that were emphasized

A
  • Coelomates => triploblasic, bilateral symmetry
  • ONLY MOLLUSKS have CLOSED CIRCULATORY SYSTEM, rest is open circulatory
  • Eyes similar to structures in vertebrate eyes
  • Pigment cells called CHROMOTOPHORES (pigment cells) change color of animal
  • INK = Defense mechanism
  • Body Plan
    MANTLE CAVITY => water filled chamber that house gills, anus, and excretory pores
    RADULA => scraping structure used for feeding (obtain nutrition)
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19
Q

Ch 33.
Phylum Mollusca

3) Three parts of molluscan body

A

3 main parts:
MUSCULAR FOOD = locomotion
VISERAL MASS = contains most internal organs
MANTLE = fold of tissue that drapes over visceral mass and secretes a shell

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20
Q

Ch 33.
Phylum Annelida

1) Unique Characteristics

A
  • Segmented (metamerism)
  • Bilateral symmetry
  • Coelom (true body cavity)
  • Paired, epidermal setae (bristle like hair)
  • CLOSED CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
  • Dorsal suprapharyngeal ganglia and ventral nerve cord
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21
Q

Ch 33.
Phylum Annelida

2) Know anatomical and physiological structures that were emphasized

A

METAMERISM
- each segment has its own excretory, nervous, and circulatory structures
- Allow flexible support of body
- Forms hydrostatic compartments *hydrostatic skeleton
- Efficient locomotion

Gives rise to TAGMATIZATION = permits modification of certain body regions for specialized functions

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22
Q

Ch 33.
Phylum Nematoda

1) Unique characteristics

A
  • cylindrical bodies with posterior end (back)
  • Body covered by tough nonliving cuticle
  • PSEUDOCOELOM = triploblastic, bilateral symmetry
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23
Q

Ch 33.
Phylum Nematoda

2) Know anatomical and physiological structures that were emphasized

A

Female larger
male have hook tails

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24
Ch 33. Phylum Nematoda 3) Evolutionary adaptations to parasitic lifestyles
- high reproductive potential (lots of eggs + sperm) - life cycles increase likelihood of transmission from one host to another - enzyme resistant cuticle - resistant eggs - encysted larvae
25
Ch 33. Phylum Nematoda 4) Parasites of humans
Ascaris lumbricoides (giant intestinal worm) - live in small intestine + produce large # of eggs that exit w/ feces Necator americanus (the new world hookworm) - Adults live in small intestine, hold onto intestinal wall w/ teeth and feed on blood and tissue fluids Trichinella Spiralis (the porkworm) - Young larvae encyst in muscle and remain infective for years - trichinosis = another host must ingest the infected meat to continue life cycle Filarial Worms - live in lymphatic system where they block vessels, transmitted by mosquitoes. causes ELAPHANTIASIS - Dirofilaria immitis found in dogs called heartworm disease
26
Ch 33. Phylum Arthropoda 1) Unique characteristics
- Most belong in which group? Class Insecta - Arthropod success - Segmented body - Hard exoskeleton ( prevents dessication) - Jointed appendages (better range of motion) - Bilateral symmetry => triploblastic - coelom - appendages for walking, feeding, sensory reception, reproduction, and defense - Body completely covered by cuticle (exoskeleton) - Well developed sensory organs - Open circulatory system (fluid: hemolymph) - Vary gas exchange organs (gills, book lungs, tracheal system)
27
Ch 33. Phylum Arthropoda 2) Know anatomical and physiological structures that were emphasized
Exoskeleton = constructed players of layers protein and chitin (polysaccharide Ecdysis = shed in order for arthropod to grow
28
Ch 33. Phylum Arthropoda 3) Evolution of flight
HAT H= head A = abdomen T= thorax Wings are extensions of cuticle (exoskeleton) (1-2 pairs on thorax) Advantages - Escape predation - Find food + mates - dispersal in new habitats
29
Ch 33. Phylum Arthropoda 4) Metamorphosis (drastic change)
Incomplete metamorphosis = Young larva (nymphs) resemble adults but smaller, different body proportions, and lack wings (mini -adult) Complete Metamorphosis = larval stages specialized for eating and growing adults stage specialized for dispersal and reproduction
30
Ch 33. Phylum Echinodermata 1) Unique characteristics (for phylum, subphyla, and classes)
- Slow moving or sessile - thin epidermis covers an endoskeleton of hard calcareous plates
31
Ch 33. Phylum Echinodermata 2) Know anatomical and physiological structures that were emphasized a) Water vascular system structures and order of flow of water thru system
a) Water vascular system = network of hydraulic canal branching into TUBE FEET that function in locomotion and feeding - sexual reproduction- release gametes into water - Larva have bilateral symmetry adults have secondary radial (pentaradial symmetry)
32
Ch 34 4 Unique characters found in Chordates
1. Notochord = provides support = reduces + forms parts of the gelatinous disks b/w vertebrae in humans 2. Dorsal, hollow nerve tube 3. pharyngeal slits or clefts 4. post-anal tail
33
Ch 34 Invertebrate Chordates (Subphyla Urochordata & Cephalochordata)
Cephalochordata = lancelets (basal group of living chordates) = dorsal fin = no paired appendages Urochordata = Tunicates = outer covering = Present in the larva
34
Ch 34 Subphylum Craniata 1) Jawless Fishes (agnathans- hagfish & lamprey) Know classification and unique characteristics
- 2 or more sets of Hox genes (genes that control patterns of embryonic development); lancelets and tunicates only have ONE - Development of a skull and backbone
35
Ch 34 Subphylum Craniata 1) Jawed Vertebrates (Gnathostomata) a) origin of bone, teeth, & jaws; unique characteristics
- Bony skeletons later development in evolution of vertebrates - Process of mineralization in vertebrates? Transition in feeding mechanisms (predatory behavior) - mineralization likely began in the mouth and was later incorporated into protective armor
36
Ch 34 Subphylum Craniata 1) Jawed Vertebrates (Gnathostomata) b) Class Chondrichthyes - Unique characteristics
- Jaws= evolved by modification of the anterior most pair of pharyngeal slits = remaining gill slits were modified into respiratory structure = basically assumulation of mutations - Predatory behavior - Enlarged forebrain - Enhanced smell + vision - Aquatic gnathostomes have a lateral line system (sensory pits)
37
Ch 34 Subphylum Craniata 1) Jawed Vertebrates (Gnathostomata) b) Class Chondrichthyes - Know anatomical and physiological structures that were emphasized
Beneficial= last yrs in obtaining food - Carnivores - suspension feeders
38
Ch 34 Subphylum Craniata 1) Jawed Vertebrates (Gnathostomata) b) Class Chondrichthyes - shark reproduction
3 types - OVIPAROUS = lay eggs outside of mother's body - OVOVIVIPAROUS = fertilized eggs are retained in the oviduct. - VIVIPAROUS = Live birth reproductive tract empties w/ excretory system & digestive tract into CLOACA
39
Ch 34 Subphylum Craniata 1) Jawed Vertebrates (Gnathostomata) c) Class Actinopterygii - Unique characteristics
- Body shape & mucus secretions ( reduces force acting against your body) - Class Sarcoptergyii (lobe-finned fishes) The lineage that give rise to tetrapods
40
Ch 34 Subphylum Craniata 1) Jawed Vertebrates (Gnathostomata) c) Class Actinopterygii - Know anatomical and physiological structures that were emphasized
- swim bladder: gases are shuttled b/w blood and swim bladder - Operculum: gills cover by protective bony flap (ventilate & protect) - Flattened bony scales cover skin ( glands secrete mucus over the skin) - Most oviparous (egg- laying)
41
Ch 34 Subphylum Craniata 1) Jawed Vertebrates (Gnathostomata) d) Evolution of terrestrialism- fossil evidence
presence functional lungs in lungfishes has led to the suggestion that lungfish lineages may have been ancestral to modern terrestrial vertebrates - Fossil of TIKTAALIK = first SARCOPTERGYIAN fossil to show evidence of pectoral girdle and a freely moveable neck
42
Ch 34 Subphylum Craniata 1) Jawed Vertebrates (Gnathostomata) e) Class Amphibia - Unique characteristics
- larval stage = tadpole - Amphibia = both ways of life - During metamorphosis, tadpole develops legs, lungs, external eardrums, and digestive system similar to CARNIVOROUS DIET - Benefit larvae to adult ---> reduce competition b/w larva and Adult
43
Ch 34 Subphylum Craniata 1) Jawed Vertebrates (Gnathostomata) e) Class Amphibia - Know anatomical and physiological structures that were emphasized
- live in damp habitations (rely on cutaneous respiration= respiration over skin) - Fertiliation= external -Salamander: retain moisture, Paedomophosis = common among aquatic salamanders. - Frogs: wet environ, smooth skin -Toad: bumpy skin & dry environ - Both secrete distasteful or poisonous mucus (granular glands) -Prevent hybridization - air sacs =reproduction - physiological readiness for females to mate
44
Ch 34 Subphylum Craniata 1) Jawed Vertebrates (Gnathostomata) f) Amniotic egg- structure and function (be able to identify layers in a figure)
- Amnion: protects and cushions the embryo - Chorion: exchange gases b/w embryo & air - Yolk sac: nourishes the embryo - Allantois: disposal sac for metabolic wastes produced by embryo - Albumen: hydrates embryo & provides protein (egg white)
45
Ch 34 Subphylum Craniata 1) Jawed Vertebrates (Gnathostomata) e) Class Reptilia - Unique characteristics
- Possess keratin (protection from desiccation and abrasion) - Fertilization internal: shelled eggs on land Ectothermic= regulate body temp (run to a shade and cool) Birds are endothermic (bc of flight=> so much energy)
46
Ch 34 Subphylum Craniata 1) Jawed Vertebrates (Gnathostomata) e) Class Reptilia - Know anatomical and physiological structures that were emphasized
- flight = 2nd adaptions of birds - Lack urinary bladder, females have one ovary, toothless, wings & feathers, and bones are honeycombed Carapace= dorsal portion Plastron = ventral portion
47
Ch 34 Subphylum Craniata 1) Jawed Vertebrates (Gnathostomata) e) Class Reptilia - Important fossil(s)
Archaeopteryx Linked to lineages of birds to non-avian reptiles Placoderms= extinct lineage of armored vertebrates
48
Ch 34 Subphylum Craniata 1) Jawed Vertebrates (Gnathostomata) e) Class Mammalia - Unique characteristics
- Mammary Glands -Hair - Endothermic - Efficient respiratory & cirulatory systems - Larger Brain - Differentiated Teeth (heterodox ) (Teeth specilaied for diff functions)
49
Ch 34 Subphylum Craniata 1) Jawed Vertebrates (Gnathostomata) e) Class Mammalia - Know anatomical and physiological structures that were emphasized
Monotremes (oviparous mammals )( lay eggs, produce milk but lack nipples) Marsupials = Short gestation period ( multiple offspring in diff stages of develop) - primitive placenta (reproduce faster) - Young born early & subsequently carried in a marsupial pouch) Eutherians= Placental (viviparious= give live birth) - Born advanced stage of development - Placenta ( intimate & close connection b/w mother and offspring)
50
Put the early stages of embryonic development in the correct order I. Zygote ll. Gastrula lll. Blastula lV. Eight-Cell stage V. Gastrulation
I, IV, III, V, II Zygote, Eight-Cell stage, Blastula, Gastrulation, Gastrula
51
What type of symmetry does is observed in the picture to the right? pic of sunflower
Radial Symmetry
52
In an embryo, the germ layer that develops into the epidermis (dermal tissue) is the:
Ectoderm
53
An incomplete digestive system is one that has:
a single opening
54
Members of the phylum _________ are characterized by bilateral symmetry, epidermal setae, a true coelom, closed circulatory system, and are segmented
Annelida
55
A closed circulatory system means that:
Circulatory fluid remains inside the heart and blood vessels
56
Organisms that must shed their outer cuticle in order to grow are in which phylogenetic group?
Ecdysozoa
57
Which of the following components of a body plan would impose the strongest restriction on body size in animals?
Acoelomate
58
Which protists are morphically and molecularly similar to animals?
Choanoflagellates
59
Which of the following are characteristics of the Ediacaran Biota?
Soft bodied & Simple bodies
60
In general, which of the following trends are observed (and well documented) in the evolution of animal life on Earth? I. Asymmetry ---> Radial symmetry ---> Bilateral symmetry ll. Filter Feeding ---> Scavenging/herbivory ---> predatory behavior lll. complex body plans ---> simple body plans
I and II
61
In the phylum Porifera, the specialized cells that allow water to flow thru the sponge's body wall into the spongocoeal are the ...
Porocytes
62
Cnidarians have which of the following structures/characters: - Dioecious - Nerve net - Radial Symmetry - Mesoglea
All of these
63
Which group of cnidarians never go thru alternation of generations?
Anthozoans
64
What is the benefit of a dorso-ventrally flattened shape in the Platyhelminthes?
Increase surface area for gas exchange, diffusion of wastes across the body wall, etc.
65
Which of the following is/are common characteristics observed in all parasitic worms such as the tapeworm, human liver fluke, and Ascaris? - Structures that allow for attachment to host tissues - High reproductive potential - lack of a mouth and digestive organs
All of these
66
The first animal group to show metamerism were the
Annelids
67
All organisms classified in the Subphylum Cheliceriformes I. Lack antennae II. Have 3 body tagmata III. Possess 4 pairs of walking legs IV. Use gills for respiration
I and III
68
Which of the following are FALSE regarding organisms in the phylum Echinodermata? - Larval echinoderms possess bilateral symmetry whereas the adults possess secondary radial symmetry - Echinoderms possess and internal skeleton composed of calcium carbonate - Oral and aboral are used to differentiate b/w the two sides of the body in adult echinoderms - Echinoderms have internal fertilization
Echinoderms have internal fertilization
69
Which of the following is NOT one of the unique characteristics found only in the Phylum Chordata? - Notochord - Dorsal, hollow nerve tube - Postanal tail - Pharyngeal slits - Excretory structures
Excretory Structures

Biol 1407 SPC (9 decks)

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