Exam 3

Question 1

5 biological roles of the liver

Answer 1

metabolism, storage, excretion, AA catabolism, blood protein synthesis

Question 2

4 major liver vessels

Answer 2

hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein, bile duct, hepatic vein

Question 3

this part of the liver lobule is where bile is sourced from

Answer 3

canaliculi

Question 4

this is the anatomical unit of the liver that is made up of hepatocytes

Answer 4

liver lobule

Question 5

a subunit of the hexagonal liver lobule

Answer 5

ascinus

Question 6

zone 3 functions

Answer 6

metabolism (phase 1 and 2 enzymes)

Question 7

characteristics of zone 1

Answer 7

high oxidative and regenerative capacity

Question 8

4 liver cell types

Answer 8

hepatocytes, endothelial cells, Kupffer cells, fat storing cells

Question 9

specialized capillaries that run through the liver lobules and are lined by endothelial cells; receive blood from hepatic artery & portal vein to drain into central vein

Answer 9

sinusoids

Question 10

alternate name for zone 1

Answer 10

periportal

Question 11

alternate name for zone 3

Answer 11

pericentral

Question 12

transporters belonging to the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter superfamily that are found in liver cells to aid in toxicant resistance

Answer 12

MDR1 and MDR2 (Multi-Drug Resistance Protein)

Question 13

3 renal functions

Answer 13

excretion, water volume regulation, ion regulation

Question 14

the functional unit of the kidney, responsible for filtration, secretion, and reabsorption of various substances

Answer 14

nephron

Question 15

reasons why kidneys are susceptible to toxicant damage

Answer 15

25% of cardiac input, concentrated filtrate, reabsorption accumulation, cyt p450 enzymes

Question 16

filtration organ of the nephron

Answer 16

glomerulus

Question 17

part of the nephron that reabsorbs glucose/Na+ and secretes substances

Answer 17

proximal tubule

Question 18

primary part of nephron that reabsorbs water

Answer 18

loop of henle

Question 19

performs tubular secretion and secretion of H+/K+

Answer 19

distal tubules

Question 20

part of nephron where toxicants can accumulate

Answer 20

proximal tubules

Question 21

result of prolonged or severe proximal tubule dmg

Answer 21

reduced or no urine output

Question 22

these substances can increase bromobenzene toxicity in the kidney

Answer 22

phenobarbitol/other cyt p450 inducers

Question 23

substances that can dmg kidneys

Answer 23

heavy metals, phenobarbitol, streptomycin, bromobenzene

Question 24

a lung disease caused by long-term exposure to silica dust; the most widespread and serious occupational disease

Answer 24

silicosis

Question 25

a chronic lung condition that results from prolonged exposure to silicate fibers; become lodged in the lungs and cause scarring and inflammation

Answer 25

asbestosis

Question 26

a type of cancer that affects the lining of the lungs, abdomen, or heart; It is caused by exposure to asbestos

Answer 26

mesothelioma

Question 27

a layer of specialized cells that lines the body's serous cavities and organs; provides a protective, lubricated surface that allows organs to move

Answer 27

mesothelium

Question 28

a process characterized by the accumulation of fibrous connective tissue, resulting in scarring and loss of function (mostly in lungs)

Answer 28

fibrosis

Question 29

challenges of assessing pulmonary exposure

Answer 29

various factors to consider (specifically individual respiration volume)

Question 30

factors to consider when assessing pulmonary exposure

Answer 30

environment concentration, time of exposure, individual respiration volume

Question 31

upper respiratory defenses

Answer 31

mucous and ciliated cells

Question 32

lower respiratory defenses

Answer 32

macrophages and migration

Question 33

2 lung cell types

Answer 33

epithelial cells, alveolar macrophages

Question 34

smaller particles tend to end up where in the lungs?

Answer 34

lower respiratory tract

Question 35

larger particles end up where in lungs?

Answer 35

upper respiratory tract

Question 36

3 pulmonary functions

Answer 36

O2 delivery, CO2 removal, blood pH regulation

Question 37

water soluble gases end up where in the lungs

Answer 37

upper respiratory

Question 38

lipid soluble gases end up where in lungs

Answer 38

lower respiratory

Question 39

tobacco smoke effects on lungs

Answer 39

paralyze cilia and damage macrophages

Question 40

average maximum concentration workers can be exposed to

Answer 40

TLV (threshold limit value)

Question 41

average maximu allowable concentration workers can be exposed to over an 8 hour day

Answer 41

TLV-TWA (time weighted average)

Question 42

maximum allowable concentration for a 15 min exposure

Answer 42

TLV-STEL (short term exposure limit)

Question 43

concentration that can never be exceeded

Answer 43

TLV-C (ceiling)

Question 44

the amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs during a single respiratory cycle

Answer 44

tidal volume

Question 45

toxicant that causes lung epithelial dmg regardless of exposure route

Answer 45

paraquat

Question 46

a membrane protein that plays a crucial role in maintaining the electrochemical gradients of essential neuronal ions

Answer 46

Na+/K+ ATPase

Question 47

reasons why neurons are susceptible to toxic effects

Answer 47

limited repair mechanisms & slow protein/molecule transport

Question 48

a specialized system of tightly packed cells that line the blood vessels in the brain and prevent harmful substances from entering the brain tissue

Answer 48

Blood-brain barrier

Question 49

4 type of neurotox injury

Answer 49

neuronopathy, axonopathy, myelinopathy, transmission tox

Question 50

a toxicant that produces a response similar to the normal substance

Answer 50

agonist

Question 51

a toxicant that prevents the response of the normal substnce

Answer 51

antagonist

Question 52

a toxicant that causes myelinopathy by inhibiting protein translation; Numbness, weakness, paralysis

Answer 52

diphtheria toxin

Question 53

substance that works by preventing the growth and division of cancer cells by binding to and stabilizing microtubules

Answer 53

taxol

Question 54

substance that prevents the growth and division of cancer cells by binding to microtubule subunits and preventing formation

Answer 54

colchicine

Question 55

a class of drugs that inhibit the activity of the enzymes responsible for breaking down neurotransmitters; increase NTMs in brain

Answer 55

Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors