1. α particles 2. charged particles 3. 𝛾 rays 4. X-rays

Exam 4 Flashcards by Gretchen Brinkman

what are the Metal distribution categories

Geological, Biological, Anthropological

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what are the 2 binding sites of heavy metals?

SH or carboxyl groups, cation binding sites

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in what places in the body are heavy metals accumulated?

bone, liver, and kidneys

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what is the reactive form of heavy metals?

free metal

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when is a metal in its transport form?

bound

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Risk groups or concerns of heavy metal tox

children, those frequently drinking milk

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why are children more at risk for heavy metal poisoning?

bones are still growing/more fragile, have an immature BBB, have an increased GI absorbtion

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what are heavy metal tox treatments?

chelators

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3 examples of chelators

EDTA, BAL, DMSA

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3 challenges of heavy metal tox treatment

inherent toxicity (like BAL), can bind and remove essential metals (EDTA), can increase toxicity (contamination)

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symptoms of mercury poisoning

CNS/PNS degeneration
tingling/numbness
impaired motor functions
impaired vision/speech

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what was released in Minamata Bay (1925)?

mercuric chloride (HgCl2)

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what happened to the mercury released in minamata bay?

was quickly methylated to methyl Hg via aquatic bacteria

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itai-itai disease is caused by what?

cadmium

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3 symptoms of itai-itai

soft fragile bones
excessive osteon production
very thin renal cortex

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A kidney/liver protein that is capable of binding and sequestering metal ions, particularly those that are toxic to cells such as cadmium, zinc, and copper

metallothionein

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4 types of radiation

α particles
charged particles
𝛾 rays
X-rays

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what are the 2 charged particle radiation forms?

β particles and positrons

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this is the result of atomic decay (i.e. particle loss)

ionizing radiation

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3 sources of ionizing radiation

α particle loss
Nuclear release of energy (𝛾 rays)
Inner-shell orbital electrons removed (X-rays)

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this occurs when radiation causes a transfer of energy to biological systems, resulting in an effect

Energy deposition

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primarily calculated as the amount of energy absorbed; “D=e/m”

Radiation dosage

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a weighted dosage based on the type of radiation or the absorption ability of certain tissues

Effective dosage (He)

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radiation type weighting from highest to lowest

α > 𝛾 or X-rays

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absorption ability weighting from highest to lowest

gonads > bone marrow > skin

these are numbers given to certain factors to determine the actual effect of energy deposited in tissues

Weighing factors

1 J/kg; units of absorbed dosage

Grays

Effective dosage of Grays

Sieverts

what is the Risk of cancer for radiation exposure

about 4-5% per Sievert of dosage

what is the average Background radiation exposure

about 2 mSv per year

4 sources of Background radiation

1. Cosmic radiation 2. Terrestrial radiation 3. Internal emitters 4. Major background exposure

Terrestrial radiation examples

uranium & potassium

Internal emitters example

potassium

Major background exposure examples

radon/radium

Lifetime exposure (85 years) of radiation for lung, bone marrow, body

180, 10, 260 mSv

DNA damage can lead to what outcomes:

repair, lethality, mutations

ionizations from energy deposition occur in the genome at what percentage

Stochastic effects of irradiation

DNA strand breaks, mitosis susceptibility

4 Non-stochastic effects of irradiation

1. blebbing plasma membrane 2. membrane permeability 3. cell death/necrosis 4. tissue damage

4 Susceptible tissues to Non-stochastic effects of irradiation

1. GI 2. neuromuscular 3. Hemopoietic system 4. neurons/CNS

a toxicant response that is very similar to “essential” toxicants (high dose and very low doses have high lethality)

Hormesis

this is a complex, bitter organic compound that contain nitrogen and usually oxygen

Alkaloids

Alkaloids mainly occur in what?

seed plants

5 Alkali-like substances

nicotine, atropine, cocaine, novocaine, morphine

Morphine mechanism of action in the cell?

leads to membrane hyperpolarization via K+ channel opening

what toxicant response is the most common in plant tox?

local tox

GI local tox of plant toxicants symptoms

nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, poor absorption, gastroenteritis, dehydration

4 plants that cause GI local tox

1. California Buckthorn 2. Horse chestnut 3. Ohio Buckeye 4. Autumn crocus

3 GI local plant toxins

emodin, esculin, and colchicine

responses to skin irritation from plant local tox

nerve desensitization, contact dermatitis, inflammatory

4 plants that cause skin irritation

1. Spurge family 2. Philodendron 3. poison ivy 4. stinging nettles

6 skin irritants plant toxins

latex, diterpene, resorcinols, catechols, histamine, NTMs

types of systemic tox responses to plant toxins

cardiac tox, nervous system tox

Na/K ATPase disfunction = cardiac arrhythmia

Foxglove

Foxglove toxin

digitalis

nicotinic ACh antagonist = diaphragm paralysis

Chondrodendron

muscarinic antagonist = CNS, pupil dilation

Bellodona, nightshade

Bellodona, nightshade toxin

atropine

Chondrodendron toxin

curare

the result of “dirty” coal burning that released massive amounts of sulfur dioxide into the air

London ‘fog’ of 1952

Five major gaseous/toxic pollutants

SO2, NO2, O3, CO, Fluoride

Health + environmental effects of SO2

depletes soil calcium, decreases plant growth, pulmonary irritant

Health + environmental effects of NO2

pulmonary irritant

Health + environmental effects of O3

respiratory and eye irritant, protein and AA changes

Health + environmental effects of CO2

high-affinity heme binding

Health + environmental effects of fluoride

gastroenteritis, weakness, dental fluorosis, skeletal fluorosis

good! Provides UV protection from the sun

Upper atmosphere ozone

bad! Formed from reactions between VOCs and nitrogen oxides (NOx) with sunlight

Ground-level ozone

3 Indoor pollution sources

cigarette smoke, formaldehyde, and radon gas

members of a single species that live in the same place

Population

all the species that live in an ecosystem

Community

biotic and abiotic components and their interactions

Ecosystem

high population growth (r), low survival to adulthood, short lifespan, oscillating population

R-strategists

low population growth, high adulthood survival, long lifespans, steady population at carrying capacity (K)

K-strategists

following a toxic insult which strategist rebounds faster?

r-strategists rebound much faster

3 Density-dependent factors

resources, predation, disease

3 Density-independent factors

weather, seasonal changes, direct-acting toxicants

concentration in the organism / environment concentration

Bioconcentration (BF)

cultures in test water, seed germination in test soils (highest control)

Lab Bioassay

Lab Bioassay specimens

daphnia, shrimp, bees, quail, trout, fathead minnows

Bioconcentration (BF) of lipophilic compounds

higher

Bioconcentration (BF) of metals

low

studies that involve caged fish, earthworm canisters

Field Bioassay

study type that involves tissue analysis of field-collected organisms

Field specimens

study type that involves field observation and measurements of environment

Field studies

things observed in a field study test

Abundance, productivity, and community structures & relate them to tox gradients in the ecosystem

observation of a natural population member like groundhogs or marmots in their natural habitat

Endemic Indicators

this includes species attractions to (likely toxic) environments to observe them (European starlings with nest boxes)

Enhanced Indicators

specimens are kept in a contained area and treated with various toxicants to observe the responses in a relatively uncontrolled environment

Enclosed Indicators

this clause prohibits the FDA approval of food additives that were found to induce cancer when ingested by humans or animals

Delaney clause

generally recognized as safe

GRAS

Direct Food Additives examples

anticakers, processing aids, colors, flavors, etc

materials that were either unintentionally added to foods or were never removed from the food

Unintentional

Unintentional Food Additives wxamples

Herbicides, pesticides, antibiotics, anabolic agents, therapeutic drugs, residues

materials present in food due to environmental pollution or faulty handling of the foods

Contaminants

3 food Contaminants types

Biological Metals Synthetics

synthetic food additives examples

PCBs or PBBs

sources of lead food contaminants

lead crystals, ceramics, ‘tin’ cans

a biological food contaminant considered to be a mycotoxin

aflatoxin B1

Exam 4 Flashcards

(99 cards)