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Animal Nutrition > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Why are fat soluble vitamins more likely to be toxic than water soluble vitamins?

A

Cannot be excreted in urine

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2
Q

List the 4 fat soluble vitamins

A

A
D
E
K

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3
Q

Night vision is a function of what vitamin?

A

Vitamin A

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4
Q

Night blindness is a symptom of what vitamin deficiency?

A

Vitamin A

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5
Q

Increasing calcium absorption is a function of what vitamin?

A

Vitamin D

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6
Q

Hemorrhage is a deficiency symptom of what vitamin?

A

Vitamin K

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7
Q

Which type of animals do not require vitamin K in their diet?

A

Ruminant animals

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8
Q

Which organ in the body stores lots of vitamins for later use?

A

Liver

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9
Q

Name 1 metabolic process that requires thiamine as an enzyme cofactor.

A

Glycolysis

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10
Q

Polio is a livestock disease associated with what vitamin deficiency?

A

Thiamine (B1)

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11
Q

Name the metabolic cycle that requires riboflavin as an enzyme cofactor

A

Krebs Cycle

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12
Q

Curled toe paralysis in chickens suffering from what vitamin deficiency?

A

Riboflavin (B2)

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13
Q

Name 1 metabolic process that requires niacin as an enzyme cofactor

A

Glycolysis

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14
Q

Pellagra is a disease commonly associated with what vitamin deficiency?

A

Niacin (B3)

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15
Q

Name 1 molecule that contains pantothenic acid as a structural component

A

Coenzyme A

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16
Q

Goose-stepping is a symptom in pigs suffering from pantothenic acid deficiency?

A

Pantothenic acid (B5)

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17
Q

Name a group of enzymes that use pyridoxin (or pyridoxal phosphate) as a cofactor.

A

Deaminase enzymes

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18
Q

Seizures is a symptom associated with what vitamin deficiency?

A

Pyridoxine (B6)

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19
Q

Which vitamin is needed to make niacin from the amino acid tryptophan?

A

B6

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20
Q

Which vitamin is needed to make arachidonic acid from linoleic acid?

A

B6

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21
Q

What do the 3 D’s of Pellagra stand for?

A

Dementia
Diarrhea
Dermatitis

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22
Q

What is the name of the protein that binds to biotin and decreases its bioavailability?

A

Avidin

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23
Q

Name 2 biochemistry processes that involve biotin as an enzyme cofactor.

A

Gluconeogenesis
Fatty acid synthesis

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24
Q

What is the name of the synthetic form of folate

A

Folic acid

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25
What type of chemical reactions does folate participate in?
Methylation
26
Explain how does folate deficiency can cause anemia.
A shortage of folate prevents normal cell division of red blood cells. This leads to larger than normal cells and too few red blood cells
27
Which vitamin contains the mineral "cobalt" in its structure?
B12
28
Which molecule from the stomach is needed for absorption of vitamin b12?
Intrinsic factor
29
Which organ in the body is responsible for producing choline?
Liver
30
Alzheimer’s is a disease associated with what vitamin deficiency in humans?
Choline (B4)
31
Spraddle leg disease in baby piglets are associated with what deficiency?
Choline (B4)
32
Do humans have the ability to make vitamin C in the liver?
No
33
Collagen production and antioxidant are functions associated with what vitamin?
Vitamin C
34
Give 1 reason why vitamin c can help aid in immune system function
Protects white blood cells from destruction
35
Scurvy is a disease associated with what vitamin deficiency?
Vitamin C
36
What 3 vitamins have antioxidants?
A, E, C
37
What is the difference between a macromineral and a micromineral?
Macro is needed in large amounts Micro is needed in small amounts
38
Milk fever is caused by what mineral deficiency in livestock animals?
Calcium
39
Which type of phosphorus cannot be absorbed by monogastric animals without a commercial enzyme?
Phytate in corn
40
Component of bones and component of ATP are functions of what mineral in the body?
Phosphorus
41
What is the name of the condition where animals eat and lick random objects?
Pica
42
Kidney stones is a toxicity symptom that can occur if too much of what mineral is consumed in the diet?
Phosphorus
43
What does the sodium-potassium pump do in the body?
Pumps 3 sodium atoms outside the cell Pumps 2 potassium atoms inside the cell
44
Describe how is sodium involved in muscle contraction
Action potentials are the first step for muscle contraction
45
Why is chloride needed for normal stomach function?
Needed to make HCl
46
What feed ingredient can be given to livestock animals to meet their sodium and chloride requirements?
Salt
47
What vitamins are linked to anemia? Name at least 3 can just put numbers
B3 (niacin) B6 (pyridoxine) B9 (folate) B12 (cyanocobalamin) Vitamin C
48
List the 10 water-soluble vitamins (5 by name)
Thiamine (B1) Riboflavin (B2) Niacin (B3) B5 B6 Biotin (B7) Folate (B9) B12 B4 C
49
How is potassium involved in nervous system function?
Needed for action potential
50
How does excess intake of potassium affect magnesium absorption?
Decreases magnesium absorption
51
What is the most abundant mineral in milk?
Potassium
52
Besides phosphorus, which mineral is needed to make ATP biologically active?
Magnesium
53
Grass tetany is the disease caused by what mineral deficiency in ruminants?
Magnesium
54
Name 2 amino acids that contain sulfur in their structure.
Methionine Cysteine
55
Describe in detail how excess intake of sulfur can cause polioencephalomalacia in ruminants.
1. The dietary sulfur is converted into hydrogen sulfide gas (H2S) by bacteria 2. These gases are eructated (burped out) by animal 3. About half of the H2S is inhaled into their lungs and goes into blood 4. The blood delivers H2S to brain to exert toxic effects 5. The H2S inhibits a key enzyme in the electron transport chain (cytochrome oxidase) 6. As a result, cells in the brain die from energy (ATP) depletion
56
What is the most common reason for ruminants developing sulfur-induced polio?
Drinking groundwater high in sulfur
57
What is hypokalemia?
Too little potassium
58
Besides potassium, name 2 other minerals that help regulate osmotic pressure and pH of body fluids.
Sodium chloride
59
What is the name of the iron-containing protein that stores oxygen in muscle cells?
Myoglobin
60
Name the blood protein that transports absorbed iron to the bone marrow for red blood cell production? Hint: it is not hemoglobin
Transferrin
61
Which type of newborn animals are highly susceptible to anemia and require iron injections within the first 48 hours of life?
Piglets
62
How is manganese involved in blood clotting?
Cofactor for an enzyme that makes clotting proteins
63
Twisted legs is a symptom associated with what mineral deficiency?
Manganese
64
Why is zinc important for RNA synthesis and subsequently protein synthesis?
Cofactor for RNA polymerase enzyme
65
Name 1 mineral that is antagonistic to copper.
Iron or zinc
66
What does the copper-containing enzyme "caeruloplasmin" do?
Needed to store iron in transferrin
67
What does the copper-containing enzyme "tyrosinase" do?
Produces dark pigments
68
Lighter or abnormal coat color is an easily observed symptom of what mineral deficiency?
Copper
69
Why would a copper deficiency cause anemia in animals?
Leads to less iron delivery to bone marrow
70
Difficulty breathing is a symptom of what mineral toxicity?
Copper
71
Which species of livestock is most susceptible to copper toxicity?
Sheep
72
Explain why zinc is needed for reproduction.
Antioxidant
73
Making thyroid hormones is a function of what mineral in the body?
Iodine
74
Of the 2 thyroid hormones, which one is more biologically active?
T3
75
Write 2 things that thyroid hormones regulate.
Body temperature Heart rate
76
Goiter is a symptom observed with what mineral deficiency?
Iodine
77
What does the selenium containing enzyme “Glutathione peroxidase” do?
Antioxidant
78
Why is selenium important for metabolism of thyroid hormones?
Cofactor for enzyme that converts T4 to T3
79
Can excess intakes of selenium cause death?
Yes
80
Activation of insulin is what mineral function?
Chromium
81
Diabetes is caused by what mineral?
Chromium
82
What mineral has the function of removing toxins?
Molybdenum
83
What mineral toxicity causes gout (foot crystals)?
Molybdenum
84
Which vitamin contains cobalt in its structure?
B12
85
What mineral has the function of strengthening bones and teeth?
Fluoride
86
Name a region in New Mexico where Selenium toxicity can be an issue for grazing animals.
Northern NM
87
Why would excess intake of molybdenum lead to a potential copper deficiency?
Antagonistic minerals
88
Minerals found in bones
Fluoride Calcium Phosphorus Magnesium
89
Acid-base/blood pressure regulation minerals
Magnesium Chloride Sodium Potassium
90
Name all the macro minerals
Calcium Phosphorus Magnesium Sodium Chloride Potassium Sulfur
91
Name all the micro minerals
Zinc Iron Copper Manganese Iodine Selenium Cobalt Molybdenum Chromium Fluoride
92
Antioxidant minerals
Zinc Copper Manganese Selenium
93
Anemia-related minerals
Iron Copper Zinc Cobalt
94
What vitamins/minerals allow action potentials and muscle contractions?
Potassium Calcium Sodium
95
Which vitamin and mineral is involved in blood clotting?
Manganese Vitamin K
96
Hair loss minerals
Zinc Sulfur
97
Cracked hooves is a symptom of what vitamin and what mineral?
Sulfur B7
98
Weak bones is a deficiency symptom of what vitamin and what mineral?
Vitamin D Fluoride
99
White muscle disease is a deficiency in what mineral and what vitamin?
Vitamin E Selenium

Animal Nutrition (4 decks)

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