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Biology 60 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Biotechnology?

A

is the manipulation of organisms or their components to make useful products.

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2
Q

What is DNA Sequencing?

A

Getting to know the order of nucleotides.

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3
Q

What is cytogenetic map?

A

Each chromosome has a distinct banding pattern, and each band is numbered to help identify a particular region of a chromosome.

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4
Q

What do allele do?

A

If you have an allele that causes an illness, you can sequence that fragment and you can know where its located on a chromosome and how the DNA sequence looks

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5
Q

what do Generation of fragments require?

A

enzymes that will cut DNA

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6
Q

sticky ends

A

pieces of DNA fragments with short strands on each side that are complementary to each other

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7
Q

What are DNA nucleases?

A

The proteins that cut are molecular

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8
Q

what are different DNA nucleases in the lab generated?

A

bacteria

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9
Q

the enzymes generated from bacteria are very specific in what_______

A

DNA sequence can be cut

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10
Q

What is SNP?

A

single nucleotide polymorphism

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11
Q

The DNA fragments are visualized as ____ on the gel.

A

bands

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12
Q

DNA is negatively charged so it travels from _______

A
  • to +
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13
Q

the suspect had the SNP the enzymes can only cut at the_______

A

bottom

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14
Q

what is Gel electrophoresis ?

A

One indirect method of rapidly analyzing and comparing genomes

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15
Q

During the process of electrophoresis, the ________ functions like a molecular sieve, separating the samples according to their size.

A

agarose gel

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16
Q

Restriction enzymes specifically recognize and cut short sequences of DNA called

A

restriction sites

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17
Q

what is the DNA profiling/ DNA fingerprints steps?

A
  1. DNA isolation
    1. Amplification (copying) or markers (fragments) for analysis-PCR
      1. Sizes of amplified fragments are compared by electrophoresis
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18
Q

Genetic profile

A

An individual’s unique DNA sequence

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19
Q

What is Short tandem repeats (STRs) ?

A

genetic markers used to analyze current genetic profiles

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20
Q

What is Short Tandem repeats?

A

4 to 5 nucleotides that are repeated back to back

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21
Q

Respects happened when _____

A

during meiosis the homologous chromosomes might not line up perfectly because the amount of repeats

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22
Q

_______ are used to amplify and then identify STRs of different lengths.

A

PCR and gel electrophoresis

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23
Q

DNA profiling has provided ?

A
  • Forensics
    • Establishing family
      relationships
    • Identification of
      human remains.
      • Species identification
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24
Q

What are the two types of genetic markers that can facilitate DNA profiling?

A

SNPs and STRs

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25
Q

What is Amplifying DNA in Vitro?

A

The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

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26
Q

What does SNPs and STRs stand for?

A

SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms)
-STRs (Short tandem repeats)

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27
Q

What is Polymerase chain reaction, PCR?

A

can produce many copies of a specific target segment of DNA
Three-step cycle; heating, cooling and replication

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28
Q

What is Vivo?

A

amplification of DNA inside living organisms

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29
Q

What is Vitro?

A

outside the living body

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30
Q

What is Taq polymerase?

A

heat-stable DNA polymerase

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31
Q

What Amplifying DNA in Vitro components of?

A

-DNA: template
-dNTPs: nucleotides (A,T,C, and G), the building bricks of DNA
-Two primers: single stranded DNA that bind to the template to initiate DNA replication
-DNA polymerase: enzyme which binds the dNTPs to the primers
-buffer: to adjust the PH and amount of alt that help the DNA polymerase keep its shape

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32
Q

What are the Steps of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

A
  1. A reaction mixes with dNTPs, a DNA template, copies of the two primers, and Taq polymerase.
  2. Denaturation-heating the mixture to 95 cells to separate the two strands of the DNA.
  3. Primer annealing-cooling the mixture allows the primers to bond to complementary sections of single- stranded target DNA homology. It will make hydrogen bonds.
  4. Extension-heating the mixture to 72 cells causes the Taq polymerase to synthesize the complementary DNA strand from the dNTPs, staring at the primer. Starts adding nucleotides on the primer at the 3-prime end. This is Cycle 1
  5. Steps 2-4 are repeated to make the necessary number of copies
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33
Q

Requirements of PCR

A

PCR is possible only when DNA sequence information surrounding the gene of interest is available

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34
Q

What information is critical to the success of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)?

A

The DNA sequence of the ends of the DNA to be amplified (flanking regions) must be known.

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35
Q

Advantages of PCR

A
  • Can amplify DNA from a small sample
  • Results are fast
  • Copying only the target sequence
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36
Q

PCR and cellular DNA replication share which of the following characteristics?

A

extend new strand in 5 to 3 direction

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37
Q

What piece of DNA do we want in making DNA?

A

genetic markers (SNP, STRS)

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38
Q

How do you open up DNA?

A

Hot temperature 92 cells

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39
Q

Who discovered tags polymerase?

A

Kary

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40
Q

What is DNA sequencing?

A

Knowing the order of nucleotides

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41
Q

What is restriction enzymes?

A

enzymes used to cut within a DNA molecule

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42
Q

What is Gel electrophoresis?

A

One indirect method of rapidly analyzing and comparing genomes

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43
Q

What is DNA fingerprinting?

A

a laboratory technique used to determine the probable identity of a person based on the nucleotide sequences of certain regions of human DNA that are unique to individuals.

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44
Q

What is DNA profiling?

A

the process where a specific DNA pattern, called a profile, is obtained from a person or sample of bodily tissue

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45
Q

Examples of genetic markers for molecular biology.

A

SNP, STRS

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46
Q

What is PCR?

A

a simple and widely used process in which minute amounts of DNA can be amplified into multiple copies.

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47
Q

Ingredients for PCR

A

dNTPs, a DNA template, copies of the two primers, and Taq polymerase, buffer

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48
Q

What do you need in the tube to run PCR. Name four ingredients.

A
  1. DNA template
  2. primers
  3. DNA polymerase
  4. free nucleotides
  5. buffer
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49
Q

Place the steps in a cycle of PCR in the correct order.
1. Annealing-cool to allow primers to form hydrogen bonds with ends of target sequence.
2. Extension- DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the 3’ end of each primer.
3. Denaturation-Heat briefly to separate DNA strands.

A

3,1,2

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50
Q

Look at slide 1

A

B

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51
Q

What are PCR ingredients?

A

DNA template, primers, polymerase, free nucleotides, buffer

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52
Q

Vivo

A

-In vivo means in a living organism
- In vivo uses RNA primers
-In vivo uses helicase to open the DNA double-strand

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53
Q

vitro

A

-In vitro is in the tube
-In vitro uses DNA primers
-In vitro, uses hot temperature to open the strands
- In vitro amplification we use Taq polymerase

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54
Q

What is Bacteria?

A

The DNA Toolbox

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55
Q

What is Recombinant DNA?

A

If we but human gene into a bacteria, then that bacteria will carry recombinant DNA

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56
Q

Is Recombinant DNA done in vitro or in vivo?

A

vitro (in the tube)

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57
Q

What is Recombinant Organisms?

A

organism that carry foreign DNA

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58
Q

What is Genetic engineering?

A

the direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes

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59
Q

What is Biotechnology?

A

the manipulation of organisms or their genetic components to make useful products

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60
Q

How is DNA mixing possible?

A

All DNA no matter if you think humans, birds, plants, bacteria we all speak the same language of nucleotide.

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61
Q

What is vivo cloning?

A

Taking a piece of DNA and putting it into a living organism can help us make multiple copies

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62
Q

What is DNA cloning?

A

to work directly with specific genes, scientists prepare well-defined DNA segments in multiple identical copies

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63
Q

Which one uses bacteria to make a copy of genes vivo or vitro?

A

In vivo

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64
Q

PCR is vitro cloning or Vivo cloning?

A

vitro cloning

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65
Q

What is Plasmids?

A

are small circular DNA molecules that replicate separately from the bacterial chromosome

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66
Q

What is Recombinant DNA?

A

Is produce when researchers insert DNA into plasmids. A molecule with DNA from two different sources

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67
Q

What is DNA manipulation?

A

first extracting the plasmid from bacteria, then cutting open that plasmid with an enzyme that cuts in a very specific spot. Ones its cut you are able to put foreign DNA into it. The foreign DNA is stuck with sticky ends and that is called recombinant plasmid.

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68
Q

Is Vitro cloning is very long or very short?

A

Very short

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69
Q

steps for Gene cloning

A

first extracting the plasmid from bacteria, then cutting open that plasmid with an enzyme that cuts in a very specific spot. Ones its cut you are able to put foreign DNA into it. The foreign DNA is stuck with sticky ends and that is called recombinant plasmid. Then you have to put the plasmid back into bacteria and we stress it with heat shock. We need to recover bacteria and lead to multiply. Whenever the bacteria multiplies, the recombinant plasmid will multiply as well we get the clones of a gene. Next day you can extract that plasmid from the bacteria cut that gene of interest out and you will have multiple copies of it

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70
Q

Why is bacteria used?

A

It takes 20 minutes for bacteria to multiply and we can get many of them in short period of time

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71
Q

What is Cloning Vector?

A

A plasmid used to clone a foreign gene

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72
Q

Would it matter if I go back to my plasmid and insert the DNA in different ways?

A

no it wont matter

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73
Q

Gene cloning in vivo steps?

A
  1. Plasmid DNA is isolated
  2. DNA containing the gene of interest is isolated
  3. Plasmid DNA is treated with restriction enzyme (molecular scissors) That cuts in one place, opening the circle
  4. DNA with the target gene is put into plasmid
  5. Plasmid is put into bacteria
  6. Each time bacteria multiplies, the gene will be multiplied- gene cloning (making many copies)
  7. Protein of interest is harvested from the genetically modified bacteria
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74
Q

What is Genomic Library?

A

is made using bacteria is the collection of recombinant vector clones produced by cloning DNA fragments from an entire genome

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75
Q

How are Genomic books made?

A

You can chop the genome of a species I’m interested in and put every piece into a different vector that will create books like in a library

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76
Q

Why do we have vectors?

A

Plasmid cant not carry to much cant stick to much DNA. We have vectors for more space

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77
Q

Plasmids capacity space

A

have a capacity of 15 kb

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78
Q

Phage (lambda)s capacity

A

have a capacity of 25 kb

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79
Q

Cosmids or Fosmids capacity

A

Have a capacity of 35-45 kb

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80
Q

Bacterial artificial chromosomes (BAC) capacity

A

Have a capacity of 50-300 kb

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81
Q

Yeast artificial chromosomes (YAC) capacity

A

Have a capacity of 300->1500 kb

82
Q

Human artificial chromosomes (HAC) capacity

A

Have a capacity of > 2000 kb

83
Q

What was the first drug approved by the FDA

A

Making Humulin
Humulin was the first recombinant DNA drug approved by the FDA

84
Q

Transgenic bacteria uses

A
  • Insulin
    • Vaccine
    • Human growth
      -hormone
    • Vaccines
85
Q

bacteria can decompose petroleum and are useful in ______

A

cleaning up oil spills

86
Q

Human insulin made in and use?

A

Made in E. coli and use treatment for diabetes

87
Q

Human growth, hormone (HIGH) made in and used in?

A

Made in E.coli and use in treatment for growth defects

88
Q

Taxol made in and use in?

A

made in E.coli and use in treatment for ovarian cancer

89
Q

Erythropoietin (EPO) is made in and use in?

A

Made in Mammalian cells and made for treatment for anemia

90
Q

Factor VIII is made in and use in?

A

Made in Mammalian cells and use for treatment for hemophilia

91
Q

Tissue Plasminogen activator (TPA) is made in and use for?

A

made in Mammalian cells and use for treatment for heart attacks and some strokes

92
Q

Fist modification on plants was made by

A

European corn

93
Q

What is Traditional breeding?

A

when I take related species and let them cross, mate, produce progeny Traditional breeding

94
Q

How long does radiational breeding take

A

12-15 years and a lot of space for a new variety

95
Q

What is Recombinant DNA?

A

Is when you can take DNA from a fish and put it inside of a strawberry

96
Q

How much time does Recombinant DNA take and how long does it take and who is crossed and hoe many genes transfer?

A

-single gene transfer
-Requires 2-3 years
-small space
-crossing unrelated species

97
Q

What are Two primary concerns with modification of foods?

A
  1. Fear that GM foods could be hazardous to human health
    1. Fear that crops carrying genes from other species might harm the environment
97
Q

What is Human gene therapy?

A

is a recombinant DNA procedure that seeks to trat disease by altering the genes of the affected person

98
Q

How are vectors transfer Genes to Human Cells?

A

Viruses used as vectors.
1. Normal human gene isolated and cloned
2.Human gene inserted into virus
3. virus injected into patient

99
Q

What is Crispr

A

is how bacteria deals with a viral infection

100
Q

What is Cas9 ?

A

chops the DNA

101
Q

What is Guide RNA ?

A

guides the protein where to go and cut so the right viral DNA is recognized

102
Q

What is Gene editing?

A

adding, disrupting, or changing the sequence of specific genes

103
Q

Agriculture has three methods of breeding. What are there?

A
  1. Traditional breeding
    1. Breeding with genetically modified organisms
    2. Breeding so far with knocking out undesirable genes (crisper)
104
Q

All people speak the same language of _____

A

nucleotides

105
Q

What are Genes?

A

the fundamental unit of heredity-made of DNA

106
Q

A

A

T

107
Q

G

A

C

108
Q

C

A

G

109
Q

T

A

A

110
Q

What is a DNA?

A

is comprised of a polymer (linked string) of chemical subunits called nucleotides

111
Q

How many nucleotide does humans have?

A

3 billion nucleotide long DNA

112
Q

What is Gene expression?

A

The process of making proteins

113
Q

How is protein made?

A

Start with our body we have cells (so many)
-inside the cell there is a nucleus where DNA is found in forms of chromosomes
-DNA is a double-stranded nucleic acid that has coding sequences for making proteins
-proteins are made in the cytoplasm

114
Q

What is messenger RNA?

A

translation of information form nucleic to cytoplasm

115
Q

What is DNA sequencing?

A

Knowing the order of nucleotides in the given segment of DNA

116
Q

What is The Human Genome project (HGP)?

A

the goal of the project was to sequence the human genome

117
Q

What are the The Mani players for The Human Genome project (HGP)?

A

National institute of health (NIH)
The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)

118
Q

The three people that led the (HGP)

A
  1. Francis Collins
    1. Eric Lander
  2. Craig Venter
119
Q

Who started Celera?

A

Celera

120
Q

An international consortium was built with the involvement of all those countries which are:

A

-Great Britain
-US
-Japan
-France
- China
- Germany

121
Q

When was The end of The Human Genome project?

A

was April 25, 2003

122
Q

The DNA of two people of the _____ is 99.9% identical

A

same sex

123
Q

How much did the HGP cost U.S. taxpayers?

A
  • $2.7 billion
124
Q

What did the people get In return for paying for the HGP?

A

Improvement in human health
-Biotechnology and drugs
- Development industries

125
Q

What are they trying to do for the future for HGP?

A

cheaper and shorter time

126
Q
A
127
Q
A
128
Q
A
129
Q

Why do we sequence human genome?

A
  • Discover gene functions
130
Q

The Human Genome Project help to discover?

A

Parkinson disease

131
Q

Program to ensure that genetic information would be safeguarded, not used in discriminatory ways

A
  • ELSI Focuses on several issues
    • Privacy
    • Fairness
    • Discrimination
      Use of genetic information in reproductive decisions
132
Q

With the Human Genome project we learned:

A
  • Human DNA has about 3 billion base pairs
    • 800 phone books
    • 200 actionable genes
      -Number of genes about 24,000
      -Only a small portion of our genes are coding genes (expressed in the form of proteins) (1.5%)
133
Q

What is Genomics?

A

is the study of an organism’s complete set of genes and their interactions. They are passed to the next generation.

134
Q
  • Data base available:
A

-(NCBI) National center for Bioeconomy information

135
Q

What is deCODE?

A

Icelandic Genetic Database

136
Q

Number of genes is not equal to number of ______

A

proteins

137
Q

How can we get Genetic profile?

A

can be obtained by analysis of tissue or body fluids

138
Q

Laws that protect privacy

A
  1. HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability ACT) from 1996
    1. GINA (The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act)-bill passed in the spring of 2008
139
Q

When we study DNA we study

A

genomics

140
Q

When we study proteins we study

A

proteomics

141
Q

To discover which genes are expressed in certain cells is to_____

A

identify the mRNAs being made

142
Q

What is Nucleic acid probes

A

complementary molecules, of either DNA or RNA

143
Q

What is In situ hybridization use for?

A

uses fluorescent dyes attached to probes to identify the location of specific mRNAs in place in the intact organism

144
Q

What are fluorescent dye or radioactivity used

A

Probe that are marked with either fluorescent dye or radioactivity are used to determine the localization of different gene expression

145
Q

When we work with RNA that test, in general, is called

A

Northern

146
Q

When we work with proteins that test in general is called

A

Western

147
Q

_______are used for studying DNA

A

Southern

148
Q

Northerns are useful for studying

A

RNA

149
Q

Westerns are used to study

A

proteins

150
Q

Northerns and Westerns address

A

gene expression

151
Q

What is Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)

A

is useful for comparing amounts of specific mRNAs in several samples at the same time

152
Q

What is Complementary DNA (cDNA)

A

serves as a template for PCR amplification of the gene of interest

153
Q

What is DNA microarray assays?

A

compare patterns of gene expression in different tissues, at different times, or under different conditions

154
Q

Genomics

A
  • DNA world
155
Q

Transcriptomics

A

RNA world

156
Q

(a lot of work is done here in cDNA )

A

Transcriptomics

157
Q

cDNA is complementary

A

RNA, messenger RNA

158
Q

cDNA is complementary is generated by

A

reverse transcription

159
Q

Proteomics

A

Protein world

160
Q

Number of genes is not equal to number of

A

proteins

161
Q

What is Genomics

A

is the study of whole set of genes and their interactions

162
Q

What is Bioinformatic

A

is the application of computational methods to the storage and analysis of biological data

163
Q

What is Systems biology

A

approach can be applied to define gene circuits and protein interaction network

164
Q

Genome size increases as we move from

A

bacteria Archaea to plants and animals

165
Q

Genome size for Bacteria and Archaes

A

Most are 1-6 MB

166
Q

Genome size for Eurkarya

A

Most are 10-4,000 Mb, but a few are much larger

167
Q

Number of genes of Bacteria and Archaea

A

1,500-7,500

168
Q

Number of genes of Eukarya

A

5,000-40,000

169
Q

Gene density for Bacteria and Archaea

A

Higher than in eukaryotes

170
Q

Gene density for Eukarya

A

Lower than in prokaryotes (within eukaryotes, lower density is correlated with larger genomes.)

171
Q

Introns Bacteria and Archaea

A

Nine in Protein-coding genes (Bacteria)
Present in some genes (Archaea

172
Q

Introns Eukarya

A

Present in most genes of multicellular eukaryotes, but only in some genes of unicellular eukaryotes

173
Q

Other noncoding DNA Bacteria and Archaea

A

Very little

174
Q

Other noncoding DNA

A

Can exist in large amounts; generally more repetitive noncoding DNA in multicellular eukaryotes

175
Q

coding sequencees we have

A

1.52%

176
Q

introns we have

A

20%

177
Q

we have non-coding DNA

A

15%

178
Q

What is RNA interference

A

refers to stopping messenger RNA from being translated

179
Q

What is MicroRNAs (miRNAs)?

A

are small single-stranded RNA molecules that can bind to mRNA

180
Q

What is Transposable elements?

A

move from one site to another in a cell’s DNA they are present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes

181
Q

What is Transposons?

A

Which move by means of a DNA intermediate and require a transposase enzyme

182
Q

What is Retrotransposons?

A

which move by means of an RNA intermediate, using a reverse transcriptase

183
Q

Genetic markers

A

SNPS
STRS

184
Q

What is Multigene families

A

Collection of identical or very similar genes

185
Q

What is In situ hybridization

A

to study locally either DNA RNA or protein

186
Q

Chromatin is the string of DNA wrapped around ______

A

histones

187
Q

Chromatin structure is essential for starting

A

transcription

188
Q

When chromosome is unpacked DNA is available for

A

transcription

189
Q

Histones have arms those arms when they are not unoccupied they will

A

hug the near by histone molecule

190
Q

Histone When they are occupied they

A

can not hug

191
Q

When histones are hugging We have heterochromatin the gene is turn

A

off its not available for transcription

192
Q

When the acetyl groups occupied arms of histones they can not hug. The DNA is exposed. The gene is turn

A

on

193
Q

Methyl groups bind directly to

A

DNA

194
Q

If I attach a methyl group to DNA and now I want to transcribe it. DNA Methylation blocks transcription and gene is

A

Turn off

195
Q

Piwi blocks our expression of genes by attaching to

A

chromatin

196
Q

What is Epigenetics

A

in addition to DNA. Added to either directly to DNA or to histones that regulate gene expression that turn gene of or on. Some of those can be passed to next generation

197
Q

microRNAs acts during protein synthesis but also can affect chromatin structure causing

A

epigenetic effect.

198
Q

Epigenetic tags are whipped out during

A

zygote formation

199
Q
A
200
Q
A

Biology 60 (5 decks)

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