Exam 3 Flashcards
Conscious decisions promote satisfaction when decisions are simple, but the opposite occurs for complex decisions. This phenomenon is known at the ____-____-____ ____, when people are faced with complex choices, they tend to make better decisions if they don’t devote careful attention to the matter.
deliberation-without-attention effect
In ____ thinking one tries to expand the range of alternatives by generating many possible solutions.
Example: You work for an advertising agency where you must come up with as many slogans as possible.
divergent
A _____ _____ is present when one insists on problem-solving strategies that have worked in the past.
mental set
_____ intelligence involves abstract reasoning, evaluation, and judgment.
Analytical
Simon’s theory of ____ _____ asserts that people tend to use simple strategies in decision making that focus only on a few facets of available options and often result in “irrational” decisions that are less than optimal.
bounded rationality
____ ____ involves evaluating alternative and making choices among them.
Decision making
The tendency to exaggerate the improbable: attributes to the _____ heuristic.
Example: There are more suicides than homicides. In addition, more asthma kills than tornado kills.
availability
Theorists use the term _____ _____ to refer to genetically determined limits on IQ.
reaction range
The math problem Sean faces seems unsolvable due to the _____ effect; Sean might surface new solutions for the unsolved problem, even though he was not consciously thinking about the problem.
incubation
Strings problems & Anagrams are problems that involve ______.
arrangement
_____ intelligence involves the ability to deal effectively with the kinds of problems that people encounter in everyday life, such as on the job or at home.
Practical
_____ intelligence involves the ability to generate new ideas.
Creative
The ______ fallacy occurs when people estimate that the odds of two uncertain events happening together are greater than the odds of either event happening alone.
Example: You meet a man who is an articulate, ambitious, power-hungry wheeler dealer. Is he a college professor, or a college professor who is a politician? The broader category (college professor) actually includes the subcategory.
conjunction
The _____ heuristic involves basing the estimated probability of an event on how similar it is to the typical prototype of that event.
representativeness
The tendency to see an item only in terms of its common use, due to _____ _____, I would not consider a screwdriver as a weight.
functional fixedness
To reach a specific goal, it’s not always obvious how the goal can be achieved, so _____ problems are challenging.
Examples: hobbits and orcs problem & water jar problem.
transformation
Because trial and error is inconsistent, people often use shortcuts called _____, which is a guiding principle or “rule of thumb” used in solving problems or making decisions.
Examples:
-Forming subgoals
-Searching for analogies
-Changing the representation of the problem
-Taking a break
heuristic
In making decisions, people display a curious bias called ____ _____, where people generally overestimate the intensity and duration of negative emotions, losses, or watching a team lose a big game.
loss aversion
____ are intermediate steps toward a solution.
subgoals
Wechsler devised a more sophisticated scoring system for his tests where raw scores are translated into _____ IQ scores that locate respondents precisely with normal distribution.
deviation
This is where I have to discover the relations among the parts of the problem.
Examples:
- Series completion problems
- Analogy problems
Problems of inducing structure
Part of the dual-process theories: Consists of slower, more elaborate, effortful controlled judgments.
The 2nd system ____ and ____ the intuitive system.
monitors and corrects
The belief that the odds of a chance events increases if the event hasn’t occurred recently.
-Reflects representativeness heuristic
Gambler’s fallacy
Nisbett argues that people who exhibit an ____ cognitive style focus on OBJECTS and PROPERTIES and live in Western cultures.
-Westerners see PARTS
analytic
In _____ thinking one tries to narrow down a list of alternatives.
Example: For multiple-choice exams you try to eliminate incorrect options.
convergent
Part of the dual-process theories: _____ thinking involves quick, simple, effortless, automatic judgments.
intuitive
A big part of practical intelligence involves acquiring _____ knowledge—what one needs to know in a particular environment in order to work efficiently.
-Not taught nor is it verbalized.
tacit
Nisbett argues that a ____ cognitive style focuses on contexts and relationships among elements in Eastern Asian cultures.
-Easterners see WHOLES
holistic
Symmetrical: Bell-shaped curve that represents the pattern in which man characteristics are dispersed in the population.
Normal Distribution curve
Intelligence Quotient
(Mental Age)/(Chronological age) x 100
Cognition focuses on the ____ of intelligence.
Intelligence focuses on the ____ of intelligence.
- Process
- Amount
Active efforts to discover what must be done to achieve a goal that is not readily attainable.
Problem solving
______ occurs when a hypothetical abstract concept is given a name then treated as thought it were a concrete, tangible object.
Reification
The _____ ______ theory argues that emotion occurs when the THALAMUS sends signals SIMULTANEOUSLY to the cortex creating the conscious experience. Then, to the autonomic nervous system, creating visceral arousal.
Cannon-Bard
External goal that has the capacity to motivate behavior.
- Monetary price
- Juicy steak
Incentive
After orgasm, men experience a _____ period, a time following orgasm during which they are largely unresponsive to further stimulation.
refractory
_____ ______ are norms that regulate the appropriate expression of emotions.
Display rules
Polygraphs measure autonomic arousal such as the _____ ______ ______, which is an increase in the electrical conductivity of the skin that occurs when sweat glands increase their activity.
galvanic skin response
The connection between emotion and autonomic arousal provides the basis for the ______, a device that records AUTONOMIC fluctuations while a subject is questioned.
- Lie dector, but does not actually detect lies.
- More of an….emotion detector.
polygraph
_____ ______ occurs when the mental scale that people use to judge the pleasantness-unpleasantness of their experience shifts so that their neutral point, or baseline for comparison, changes.
Hedonistic adaptation
After the body goes without food for a while, the stomach secretes _____, which causes stomach contractions and promotes hunger.
ghrelin
This arousal is the basis for the polygraph.
Autonomic Arousal
A state of psychological equilibrium or stability.
homeostasis
A state of psychological equilibrium or stability.
homeostasis
Goal-directed behavior
Motivation
Goal-directed behavior
Motivation
In the sexual arousal _____ phase; muscle tension, respiration rate, heart rate, and blood pressure increase quickly.
excitement
In the sexual arousal _____ phase; muscle tension, respiration rate, heart rate, and blood pressure increase quickly.
excitement
The phenomenon _____ _____ _____ is when: You eat a specific food, and its incentive value declines.
-It explains why people overeat at buffets, where MANY foods are available.
sensory specific satiety
The phenomenon _____ _____ _____ is when: You eat a specific food, and its incentive value declines.
-It explains why people overeat at buffets, where MANY foods are available.
sensory specific satiety
The _____ and _____ areas of the hypothalamus are important for the regulation of hunger.
arcuate and paraventicular
The _____ and _____ areas of the hypothalamus are important for the regulation of hunger.
arcuate and paraventicular
During sexual arousal _____ leads to a swelling and hardening of the clitoris, expansion of the vaginal lips, and vaginal lubrication.
vasocongestion
