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BSCI160 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

(115 cards)

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1
Q

Biological Species Concept

A

all members have the potential to interbreed under natural conditions and produce viable, fertile offspring.

some hybridization is okay, as long as it doesn’t occur naturally enough to overwhelm the boundary

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2
Q

Morphological species concept

A

Classifies organisms based on observable phenotypic traits

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3
Q

Phylogenetic species concept

A

species as an irreducible group whose members are descended from a common ancestor and who all possess a combination of certain defining, or derived, traits

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4
Q

Ecological Species Concept

A

a species is a set of organisms adapted to a particular niche

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5
Q

Prezygotic barriers

A

prevent formation of a zygote or fertilized egg

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6
Q

Prezygotic barrier: Habitat Isolation

A

may occupy the same range and be potentially able to hybridize, but prefer different habitats so never (or rarely) mate

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7
Q

Prezygotic barrier: Temporal Isolation

A

may potentially interbreed, but are ready at different times

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8
Q

Prezygotic barrier: Behavioral Isolation

A

species may encounter each other but do not mate because of differences in courtship behavior or other behaviors

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9
Q

Prezygotic barrier: Mechanical Isolation

A

lock and key…physical barriers that prevent mating (such as genitalia)

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10
Q

Prezygotic barrier: Gametic Isolation

A

gametes do not recognize each other due to different receptors

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11
Q

Postzygotic barriers

A

prevent development of viable or fertile offspring

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12
Q

Reduced Hybrid Viability

A

hybrid offspring don’t develop or don’t survive as well

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13
Q

Example of hybrid infertility

A

tigon, mules

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14
Q

Hybrid breakdown

A

1st generation hybrids are fertile, but when they mate the second generation hybrids are sterile or weak

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15
Q

Allopatric Speciation

A

geographic barrier –> reproductive isolation –> speciation

when biological populations become geographically isolated from each other to an extent that prevents or interferes with gene flow

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16
Q

Sympatric Speciation

A

gene flow is restricted from something other than a geographic barrier, resulting in reproductive isolation

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17
Q

Macroevolution

A

evolution of groups larger than an individual species

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18
Q

Gradualism (Anagenesis)

A

species continue to exist and survive as an interbreeding population…no branching or splitting into separate species (gradual, slow, constant change)

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19
Q

Punctuated Equilibrium (Cladogenesis)

A

the formation of a new group of organisms or higher taxon by evolutionary divergence from an ancestral form

emphasizes periods of stasis interspersed with periods of rapid change

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20
Q

Stasis

A

long periods of subtle evolutionary change

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21
Q

Causes of Stasis

A

stabilizing selection keeping the species from changing; variable directional selection that keeps the species fluctuating around a mean; genetic/developmental constraints

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22
Q

Mosaic Evolution

A

in monotremes: the evolutionary change of different adaptive components of the phenotype of an organism at different times or at different rates in an evolutionary sequence

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23
Q

Rapid change

A

origin of new species and characteristics of a time period that is short relative to the period of stasis

does not say that speciation is instantaneous, just too quick to capture in fossil record

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24
Q

Causes of rapid change

A

environmental change (cambrain explosion); ecological opportunity

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25
6 origins of evolutionary novelty
Exaptation, duplication, serial homology, heterchrony, lateral gene transfer, homeotic genes and pattern formation
26
Exaptation
evolution is a tinkerer...a shift in the function of a trait during evolution flowers are modified leaves
27
Duplication
evolution of genes with novel functions: duplicated genes can evolve different novel functions
28
Serial Homology
When two or more organs or structures are basically similar to each other in construction but are modified to perform different functions arthropod limbs
29
Heterochrony
changes in developmental timing can radically alter the adult appearance of an organism
30
Lateral Gene Transfer
horizontal movement of individual genes, organelles or fragments of genomes from one lineage to another happens a lot with bacteria
31
Homeotic genes and pattern formation
simple developmental/genetic changes can have major effects flowers/arthropod appendages
32
3 types of Prokaryotes
Archaea, Eukarya, Bacteria
33
Prokaryotes
a microscopic single-celled organism that has neither a distinct nucleus with a membrane nor other specialized organelles -no nuclear envelope around genetic material -no membrane bound organelles (only have ribosomes) -circular DNA, with relatively few genes in plasmids -no mitosis/meioisis...binary fission!
34
Parts of Prokaryote Genome
Chromosome Plasmids...facilitate lateral gene transfer
35
Mechanisms of Lateral/Horizontal Gene Transfer
Transduction: genes via virus infection Conjugation: plasmids from live bacteria Transformation: genes from environment, such as dead bacteria/archaea
36
Photoautotroph
energy from light, carbon from CO2 plants
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Chemoautotrophs
energy from inorganic, carbon from CO2 some prokaryotes
38
Photoheterotrophs
energy from light, carbon from organic compounds some prokaryotes...non sulfur bacteria
39
Chemoheterotrophs
energy and carbon from organic compounds humans
40
Aerobic Respiration
sugar + O2 --> ATP + CO2
41
Endosymbiosis Theory
Eukaryotes arose from prokaryotes living inside each other
42
What are the evidences of Endosymbiosis?
-Similar types of endosymbiosis: protists inside each other and protists inside animals -Size: mitochondria and chloroplasts are similar in size to prokaryotes -Similar membranes: membranes of prokaryotes and memberanes of mitochondria/chloroplasts have similar properties (enzymes, transport system) -Mode of replication: mitochondria/chloroplast reproduction is similar to binary fission -Mitochondrial and chloroplast genome resembles prokaryote genome: simple genome with circular DNA -Mitochondria and chloroplast transcription: have their own ribosomes and coding seqeunces similar to bacteria
43
Secondary Endosymbiosis
A heterotrophic protist engulfed an algal containing plastids (eukaryote taking in another eukaryote)
44
Binary Fission
asexual reproduction by a separation of the body into two new bodies. An organism duplicates its DNA, and then divides into two parts (cytokinesis), with each new organism receiving one copy of DNA
45
Mitochondria evolved from
proteobacteria
46
Chloroplasts evolved from
cyanobacteria
47
Eukaryote
an organism consisting of a cell or cells in which the genetic material is DNA in the form of chromosomes contained within a distinct nucleus
48
Analogous trait
similarities (same function) that are independently evolved
49
Homologous trait
shared derived trait
50
Monophyletic
single origin...an ancestral species and all the descendant species grouped together
51
Polyphyletic
convergent similarity
52
Paraphyletic
single origin: ancestral species but includes only some of the decendents
53
Synamorphy
shared derived trait
54
Parsimony
the cladogram requiring the fewest evolutionary changes is usually preferred
55
Closest relative of modern plants
green algae
56
closest relative to land plants
charophyceans
57
Peripatric Speciation
a small group breaks off from the larger group and forms a species as a result of physical barriers
58
Parapatric Speciation
a species is spread out over a large area, so mating is restricted to a smaller vicinity
59
Advantages of plants moving to land
-More sun -more carbon dioxide -more nutrients
60
Disadvantages of plants moving to land
-Waterloss/drying out -reproduction
61
Land plant adaptations
-cuticle...waxy covering to prevent water loss -vascular tissue...tubes that transport materials up and down the plant, containing xylem to move water and phloem to move sugars -seeds...instead of spores, allow plants to reproduce without needing water and provide protection/food in a dry environment -fruits/flowers...more effective reproduction through pollination, less inbreeding, more efficient seed dispersal
62
Sporophyte
produces spores by meiosis (asexual)
63
Gametophyte
produces gametes by mitosis (sexual)
64
Reproduction of plants
alternation of generations between sporophyte and gametophyte
65
examples of nonvascular plants
mosses, liverworts, hornworts
66
Types of vascular plants
Ferns, Gymnosperms, Angiosperms
67
-seedless vascular plants -leaves arose -fragile gametophyte stage -relies on water for reproduction -sporophyte is the dominant generation in life cycle
Ferns
68
-no ovaries -evolution fo seeds -reduction of the gametophyte -primarily relies on wind pollination
Gymnosperms
69
-large sporophytes and tiny gametophytes -flowers -seeds -fruits
Angiosperms
70
Metazoans
Animals
71
Eumetazoa
true tissue animals gastrulation, nervous system, synapses, radial symmetry
72
Porifera
Sponges no true tissues, no symmetry, hermaphrodites, asexual, adults sessile, larvae motile, spicules, filter feeders
73
Cnidarians
Jellyfish, sea anemone, coral radial symmetry, diploblastic, polyp and medusa, eumetazoa (but only two tissue layers), aseuxal (budding) and sexual, gastrulation, nematocysts (stinging organelles)
74
Diploblastic
ectoderm and endoderm but no mesoderm
75
Gastrulation
creates ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm embryo transforms from a one-dimensional layer of epithelial cells, a blastula, and reorganizes into a multilayered and multidimensional structure called the gastrula Zygote —> cleavage (mitosis) —> blastula —> gastrula
76
Cambrian Explosion
Around 530 million years ago, a wide variety of animals burst onto the evolutionary scene...huge increase in diversity as a result of rising oxygen levels and oceanic calcium concentrations
77
Bilaterians
-bilateral symmetry -cephalization -anterior and posterior -directional movement -triploblasty
78
Cephalization
development of head and sense organs in the front
79
Triploblasty
ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm forms muscle and supports organs
80
Coelomates
animals with body cavity that develops within the mesoderm more control over movements of fluids in body cavity, better support of organs, better digestion
81
Protostomes
blastopore becomes the mouth
82
Types of Protostomes
Lopotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa
83
Lophotrochozoa
lophophore feeding structure flatworms, segmented worms/annelids, mollusca
84
Segmentation
convergent evolution (annelids, arthropods, and cordates) can operate segments independently...facilitates specialization of different body regions
85
Mollusca
-radula...feeding organ -muscular foot, mantle, visceral mass open circulatory system
86
Ecydysozoa
Roundworms, Arthropods
87
Roundworms
nematoda pseudocoelomate often parasitic decomposers in soil
88
Arthropods
-jointed appendages -regional segmentation -exoskeleton -open circulatory system -trilobites, chelicerates, millipedes and centipedes, crustaceans, insects
89
Deuterostomes
blastopore becomces anus
90
Types of Deuterostromes
Echinoderms and Cordates
91
Echinoderms
Starfish body symmetry differs in adult and larval (larvae bilateral) pentaradial symmetry water vascular system with tube feet
92
Cordate Characteristics
-Notocord -Pharyngeal gill slits -Dorsal hollow nerve cord -Muscular, post-anal tail
93
Derived Traits of Primates
-large brain, short jaw -forward-looking eyes close together complex social behavior/parental care fully opposable thumb
94
DNA methods
-sequence the same stretch of DNA in different species -determine differences in nucleotide sequences between species
95
How much neanderthal DNA do we have
1-4%...only if ancestry outside of Africa
96
Bipedalism
ability to walk on two feet
97
Out of Africa (Monogenesis or replacement hypothesis)
Suggests recent common ancestor of Homo sapiens probably in Africa...modern humans dispersed from Africa displacing other hominins
98
What are humans
anthropoid primates, homo sapiens
99
Invertebrate Chordates
Tunicates (sea squirts): sessile adults Lancelets: notochord persists throughout life, live in shallow marine and brackish water, filter prey from water with pharyngeal basket
100
Vertebrate characteristics
-jointed skeleton -extreme cephalization -great sense organs -closed circulatory system -internal organs suspended in coelom
101
Craniates
neural crest cells more active than lancelets and tunicates jawless fish (hagfish, lamprey)
102
Jawless vertebrates
Jawless fish, Agnathans (hagfish, lamprey)
103
Gnathostomata
jawed vertebrate
104
Chondrichthyes
Sharks and rays cartilaginous fish
105
Osteichthyes
Bony fish -ossified skeleton -gills covered by operculum -swim bladder -ray finned fish -lobe finned fish -lungfish
106
Tetrapoda
Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, and Mammals -jointed appendages
107
Amphibians
salamanders, frogs, caecilians eggs lack shell and must stay moist
108
Amniotes
reptiles, birds, and mammals
109
Amniotic egg
-protection of embryo from environment -storage of wastes -gas exchange -yolk sac
110
Archosaurs
birds and crocodilians
111
High metabolic rate in archosaurs and mammals
(convergent) -high body temp -efficient locomotion -efficient respiration -homeothermic -four chamber heart
112
Birds
flight with feathers and wings honeycombed bones complex courtship
113
Mammals
-platypus and echidna lay eggs -hair -lactation -three-bone middle ear -sweat glands
114
3 Groups of Mammals
Monotremes...egg laying Marsupials...pouches Eutherian...placental
115
Adaptive Radiation
new niches open up (due to the removal of old organisms or new areas opening up)

BSCI160 (3 decks)

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