Exam 3

Question 1

anaerobic

Answer 1

without oxygen

Question 2

Fermentation

Answer 2

A form of anaerobic respiration that produces incompletely broken down carbon skeletons, such as lactic acid and alcohol

Question 3

Oxygen Absence

Answer 3

In the absence of oxygen, the reduced form of NAD+ (NADH + H+) accumulates and becomes a cellular toxin

Question 4

aerobic

Answer 4

with oxygen

Question 5

Pyruvate Oxidation

Answer 5

In the presence of oxygen, the reduced form of NAD+ (NADH + H+) can be converted back into the oxidized form

Question 6

dark cycle

Answer 6

carbon reduction phase

Question 7

carbon fixation in dark cycle

Answer 7

RuBisCo converts inorganic carbon dioxide into organic molecules

Question 8

respiratory chain

Answer 8

The respiratory chain, also known as the electron transport chain (ETC) and produces adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the primary energy currency of cells.

Question 9

eukaryotic respiratory chain

Answer 9

found in the mitochondria

Question 10

prokaryotic respiratory chain

Answer 10

found in inner cell membrane

Question 11

oxidation

Answer 11

loss of hydrogen atoms

Question 12

reduction

Answer 12

gain of hydrogen atoms

Question 13

Metabolic Pathways

Answer 13

Glucose utilization, serving as interchanges for diverse biochemical traffic

Question 14

Fuel Depletion and Health

Answer 14

When inadequate fuel molecules are available, the body utilizes stored glycogen, fats, and proteins

Question 15

Absorption of Electromagnetic Radiation

Answer 15

All molecules absorb electromagnetic radiation, but they differ in the specific wavelengths absorbed. Molecules that absorb wavelengths in the visible range are called pigments.

Question 16

Interaction of Photon and Pigment

Answer 16

When a photon meets a pigment molecule, one of three things happens: reflection, transmission, or absorption. If absorbed, the energy raises the molecule from its “ground state” to an excited state, where electrons move to higher orbitals.

Question 17

Chlorophylls in Photosynthesis

Answer 17

Photosynthetic organisms use chlorophylls, the most important pigments in photosynthesis, along with other accessory pigments.

Question 18

Light Reaction and Electron Flow

Answer 18

When a pigment molecule absorbs a photon, it enters an excited state. Excited chlorophyll acts as a reducing agent, and electrons flow through carriers in the photosynthetic membrane.

Question 18

Chlorophyll Structure

Answer 18

Chlorophylls have a ring structure with a magnesium center and a hydrocarbon tail

Question 19

Non-Cyclic Electron Flow

Answer 19

Non-Cyclic electron flow involves the reduction of chlorophyll by generating protons. It uses water, photons, NADP+, ADP, and Pi to produce NADPH+ H+, ATP, and O2

Question 20

Cyclic Electron Flow

Answer 20

photosystem II acts independently, with no use of water or production of NADPH2 & takes photons through special chlorophyll molecules, producing ATP and some free energy as heat.

Question 21

Dark Cycle

Answer 21

involves CO2 fixation, conversion into carbohydrate (G3P), and regeneration of the CO2 acceptor RuBP. It uses ATP and NADPH2+.

Question 22

Energy Consumption by Heterotrophs

Answer 22

Stored energy in plants is consumed by heterotrophs through glycolysis and respiration. This process releases the stored energy for the growth and reproduction of the organisms.