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Animal Phys > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

(70 cards)

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1
Q

Sensory Receptor Cell

A

a sensory cell that is specialized to respond to a particular kind of environmental stimulus

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2
Q

Sensory receptor Molecule

A

a molecule in a sensory receptor cell that is particularly sensitive to a kind of sensory stimulus, and that participates in transacting a stimulus into a cellular response

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3
Q

Receptive field

A

the region of a sensory surface within which stimulation changes the activity of a particular neuron

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4
Q

Sense organ

A

a complex multicellular structure specialized to detect a particular type of sensory stimulus

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5
Q

Transduction

A

the conversion of stimulus energy into an electrical signal in sensory cells

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6
Q

mechanoreceptor

A

a sensory receptor cell specialized to respond to mechanical stimulation

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7
Q

chemoreceptor

A

a sensory response to a chemical stimulus
includes taste and olfaction

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8
Q

olfaction

A

the sense of smell

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9
Q

photoreceptor

A

response of a sensory cell to light simulation

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10
Q

receptor potential

A

the graded change in membrane potential that occurs in a sensory receptor cell when stimulated

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11
Q

cochlea

A

a part of the inner ear of many vertebrates that contain the auditory sensory hair cells

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12
Q

hair cell

A

a sensory epithelial cell in a vertebrate acoustic-lateralis system that transducer displacement of its apical stereo cilia into an electrical signal

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13
Q

taste bud

A

a collection of epithelial taste receptor cells and support cells on the tongue

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14
Q

where are taste buds in fish?

A

on the skin surface

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15
Q

Pheromone

A

a chemical signal that converts information between two or more individuals that are members of the same species

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16
Q

Retina

A

the layer of photoreceptor cells on other neurons that line the inside of a vertebrate eye

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17
Q

Fovea

A

a central region in a vertebrate retina specialized for high-resolution processing of visual information

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18
Q

rods

A

respond to lower light levels are are used for nocturnal vision

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19
Q

cones

A

respond to higher light levels and are used for diurnal vision and color

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20
Q

lens refraction

A

focuses an image by changing the shape of the lens

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21
Q

sensory receptors are _________________ of sensory neurons, or sometimes, modified __________________ that signal directly to such neurons

A

modified dendrites
epithelial cells

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22
Q

increased stimulus is always “coded” as ______________, no matter what the sense

A

increased action potential

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23
Q

difference between rods and cones

A

rods : are larger and respond at lower light levels → used for nocturnal vision
Cone: are smaller and are less sensitive to light → used for diurnal vision and color vision (cone = color)

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24
Q

sensory neuron

A

convey information to the CNS

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25
interneuron
a neuron that is confined to the central nervous system and is therefore neither a sensory neuron nor a motoneuron
26
motor neuron
convey information out of the CNS to control muscles or other effectors
27
radially symmetric
circle symmetry
28
bilaterally symmetric
identical halves (non circular)
29
Cephalization
the concentration of nervous structures and functions at one end oft eh body, in the head
30
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
consists of all the processes and cell bodies of sensory and motor neurons that are present outside the CNS
31
Central Nervous System (CNS)
consists of relatively large structures such as the brain and spinal cord in which large numbers of neurons and support cells interact to achieve integrative functions
32
Biological Clock
a physiological mechanism that gives an organism an endogenous capability to keep track of the passage time
33
Endogenous rhythms
rhythms that continue in the absence of environmental information about time
34
Free-run rhythm
the biological rhythm that persists when environmental cues are absent
35
entrainment
the process by which a biological rhythm (endogenous) is brought into phase with an environmental rhythm
36
Suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCNs)
the part of the hypothalamus of the brain that acts as the master circadian clock in mammals
37
pineal gland
a small endocrine gland in the vertebrate brain that produces melatonin
38
melatonin
a compound synthesized from the amino acid tryptophan; influences circadian and seasonal rhythms; promotes sleep
39
sympathetic nervous system
"fight-or-flight" responses mobilizes body energy reserves (example: promoting blood flow to muscles)
40
parasympathetic nervous system
"rest-and-digest" responses restore body reserves of energy (examples: stimulating the digestive function of the stomach)
41
plasticity
synapses and circuits --> they change with development, maturation, and experience such as learning
42
Highly complex nervous systems allow for ________________ , but are very ______________ to develop and maintain
highly complex behavior "expensive"
43
bilaterally symmetrical animals have ___________ nervous systems than radially symmetric animals
more complex
44
Biological clocks are _______________ and will continue to run in the absence of light, but that light entrains these clocks to the day/night cycle
endogenous
45
Where is the mammalian clock located?
in the SCN
46
Brains have some _________ of function, but complex nervous systems have a lot of __________ in these arrangements
localization plasticity
47
Mechanoreceptors
receptors that control touch, pressure, proprioception
48
Vestibular receptors
receptors that control balance, body position, and movement
49
photoreceptors
receptors taht control sensitivity to light
50
How does the cochlea “know” whether a sound is louder (higher amplitude) than another
Louder sounds bend the hair cells’ cilia more than softer sounds
51
How does the cochlea tell the brain that a sound is louder than another?
By sending more-frequent action potentials
52
How does the cochlea “know” whether a sound is higher in frequency (pitch) than another?
Higher frequency sounds are detected at different parts of the membrane than lower frequency sounds
53
How does the cochlea tell the brain whether a sound is higher in frequency (pitch) than another
By sending action potentials from different specific sensory neurons
54
How can animals tell what direction a sound is coming from?
sound time difference (arriving at the ears at slightly different times) sound intensity difference (sound will be louder in the ear that more directly faces the sound source)
55
Since hormones go everywhere, the specificity of hormone action is determined by _________
what tissues and cells express receptors for that hormone
56
Explain how animals can identify many more chemicals (smells) than they have olfactory receptor types
One receptor can interpret more than one smell
57
The nervous system often controls the release of, and is affected by, ______________ ("neuroendocrine" systems), especially in invertebrates
hormones
58
_____________ is a storage form of glucose
glycogen
59
_____________ is a hormone that controls glucose
glucagon
60
Hormone
a chemical substance that is produced and released by endocrine cells, and that exerts regularity influences on other, distant cells that it reaches via the blood
61
endocrine glands
A gland or tissue without ducts that secretes a hormone into the blood.
62
neurohormone
the recreation of a neurosecretory cell
63
steroid hormone
nonpolar hormones synthesized on demand from cholesterol, secreted by diffusion through the cell membrane and circulated in the blood or hemolymph bound to carrier molecules
64
hypothalamus
A system of blood vessels in a vertebrate that connects capillaries in the hypothalamus to capillaries in the anterior pituitary
65
Where is the pituitary gland?
in the hypothalamus
66
antagonism
when one hormone opposes the action of another
67
insulin
promotes the uptake and storage of nutrients and inhibiting degradation of stored glycogen, lipids, and proteins
68
What is the general function of all sensory receptors?
to convert stimulus energy into an electrical signal (sensory transduction)
69
protein hormone
made of assemblages of amino acids and soluble in water
70

Animal Phys (4 decks)

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