Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bio lab exam > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Fungi are primarily-

A

non-motile and obtain their nutrients by absorption, rather than ingestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does mycota mean

A

fungus-like

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what does asco-, basidio-, zygo- reflect

A

the reproductive structures associated with that group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

All fungi exhibit a sexual life cycle with-

A

zygotic meiosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are saprobic fungi

A

It decomposition releases carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere and returns nitrogenous compounds and other nutrients to the soil, thereby making these constituents available for plants, and eventually animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

mutualistic meaning

A

Both members benefit from the association

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

parasitic fungi

A

absorbs nutrients from living host cells

-can be pathogenic

-athletes foot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

organized mass

A

mycelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Each filament in mycelium

A

hypha

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

fungal hyphae

A

can be aseptate and conenocytic

-do not have cross-walls, instead have continuous mass of cytoplasm containing many nuclei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

septate hyphae

A

-cross walls are present

-most of the body is hidden underground or buried within its food source

-only parts exposed are reproductive structures``

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Rhizopus stolonifer

A

-black bread mold

-live in soil or on decaying plant or animal material

they have aseptate hyphae and undergo zygotic meiosis

-spores are produced asexually by mitosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the dom stage in the zygotic meiosis cycle haploid or diploid?

A

haploid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

whats in Phylum zygomycota

A

-Rhizopus stolonifer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

phylum zygomycota

A

-asexual reproduction is very common

-sexual only occurs if conditions become unfavorable for growth and if theirs two separate mating strains present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

sexual rhizopus

A

gametangia are located on the ends of hyphae extentions
-gametangia from 2 different mating strains fuse to form a zygosporangium
-zygosporangia are thick walled and resistant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Phylum ascomycota

A

-many different growths

-small, unicellular yeasts

-very large complex organisms

-septate hyphae, but septa are perforated, so the cytoplasm and nuclei are still able to move freely through the hyphae

-asexual reproduction (conidia or budding)

-sexual features are defining feature of ascomycota

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is in phylum ascomycota

A

Penicilium

erysiphe

sordaria

peziza

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Penicilium

A

-asexual ascomycete that reproduced by conidia

-some species play major role as the source of important drugs, like antibiotics and anti-rejection drugs, others used for cheese

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

sexual reproduction in ascomycota

A

-involves formation of a saclike structure, ascus, within which ascospores are produced following meiosis

-mostly, mitotic divition immediately follows meiosis, resulting spores are held together in the ascus until dispersal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

where are asci formed?

A

in a complex structure called an ascocarp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the three types of ascocarps?

A

-Cleistothecium (closed and spherical)

-Perithecium (vase-shaped with a small pore at one end)

-Apothecium (cup-shaped)

-asci usually develop as a layer inside ascocarp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what type of ascocarp does sordaria have?

A

perithecium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What type of ascocarp does peziza have?

A

apothecium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Whats in Phylum basidiomycota

A

puffballs

mushrooms

bracket fungi

rusts

smuts

pore fungi

coprinus

agaricus bisporus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

phylum basidiomycota

A

-have septate hyphae, but septa are perforated and surrounded by bracket-like structures

-most reproduction is sexual

-meiosis results in the production of basidiospores, from basidium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

where are basidia located?

A

in a complex structure called basidiocarp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

example of reproduction structure of a gill fungus

A

agaricus bisporus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

mushroom

A

basidiocarp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

stipe

A

stalk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

lamellae

A

gills

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

annulus

A

collar of tissue encircling the stipe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

pore fungi

A

mycelium inhabits the dead tree trunk

very efficient at decomposing lignin in plant tissue

-fertile lower region of the reproductive structure is organized into pores rather then on gills

-basidia line the insides of the pores and it is here where basidospores are produced and released

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Puffballs, earthstars, and birds nest fungi

A

-basidia and nasidiospores are also produced, but basidia are enclosed in a basidiocarp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Lichens

A

-symbionts with other organisms
-with an alga forms lichen

-usually member of ascomycota but sometimes basidiomycota

-photosynthetic component is either nostoc, or one of about six species of green algea

-widespread in nature

-inhabit areas where neither symbiont could survive as a seperate entity

-found in arctic, deserts, on alpine peaks

-economically important as pollution indicators, natural dyes, and food for animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is nostoc

A

a blue-green bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

three common growth forms for lichens

A

crustose

foliose

fruticose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

crustose

A

-forms a thin flat crust that is glued to the substrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

foliose

A

flat and leafy or round in outline; distinct upper and lower surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

fruticose

A

basally attached strands with hair-like, or shrub-like growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Animals

A

-multicellular

-heterotropic

-most are motile in at least one stage of their life cycle

-do not possess cell walls, instead held together by structural proteins

-tissues develop from embryonic layers formed during the development of blastula and gastrulla stages

-gametic meiosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What type of meiosis do animals go through?

A

gametic meiosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

gametic meiosis

A

gametes are haploid, rest of the stages are diploid

-every cell has two sets of chromosomes, except egg and sperm

-only multicellular stage is diploid and the products of meiosis are gametes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Animals in basal lineage of the Metazoa

A

-lack true tissues

-organs and body symmetry is radial or lacking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Phylum Porifera

A

-sponges and eumetazoa

-sessile (show little movement)

-mostly marine

-also found in freshwater environments

-feed by filtering water through pores lined with choanocytes

-water enters sponge through microscopic incurrent openings into spongocoel

-larger and more complex sponges are asymmetric and have numerous excurrent oscula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

choanocytes

A

flagellated internal collar cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

incurrent opening

A

ostia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

excurrent opening

A

osculum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

sponges

A

secrete classy or calcareous skeletal structures (spicules)

-some lack these skeletal elements and instead have skeletons comprised of flexible proteinaceous material (spongin)

-some have spongin and spicules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Eumetazoa

A

-composed of definite tissues and organs

-symmetry may be radial or bilateral

-alimentary tract (if present) may have one opening (mouth) or two (mouth and anus)

-bodies may have 2 (ecto, and endo) or 3 (ecto, endo, meso) basic embryonic tissue types

-2 types of body symmetry, radially symmetrical animals and bilaterally symmetrical animals (clade bilateria)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

3 basic embryonic tissue types

A

ectoderm

endoderm

mesoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What animals are diploblastic

A

animals with primary radial symmetry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

diploblastic

A

2 main embryonic tissue layers , ecto and inner endo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Mesoglea

A

the inner and outer layers are sperated by a thick or thin, secreted, largely or completely noncellular gelatinous matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Whats in Phylum Cnidaria

A

-jellyfish

-hydras

-corals

-anemones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Phylum Cnidaria

A

-all soft-bodied

-radially symmetrical animals

-bearing tentacles around a mouth opening which communicates with a pouch-like gastrovascular cavity
-gut communicates with the outside only with the mouth (no anus)

-all have stinging cells (cnidocytes) containing nematocysts

-2 basic body forms, sexual, motile, usually planktonic medusa and the asexual, nonmotile, usually sessile (attached) or sedentary (slow moving), polyp.

-both forms, but especially polyps, may be colonial

-most are marine and some are fresh water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Medusozoans

A

-usually quite small

-solitary or colonial

-mostly marine

-most have dom polyps

-redused medusae

-includes freshwater hydra and the incredibly complex jellyfish-like marine colony

-hydrozoan medusae disperse through jet propulsive swimming

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

velum

A

a layer of tissue around the edge of the medusa, which aids in jet-propulsion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

anthozoans

A

-two main groups

predominate
- the large, solitary anemones are fleshy and lack any calcareous exoskeleton

corals
-live in warm, clear, tropical waters, and can form reefs
-secreate calcareous exoskeletons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Whats in phylum cnidaria

A

-medusozoans

-anthozoans

-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Bilateria

A

-triploblasic animals that show primary bilateral symmetry

-organs are well developed and organized into systems

-a body cavity (coelom) between the gut and body wall may be absent (acoelomate), partly with mesoderm (pseudocoelomate), or completely lined with mesoderm (eucoelomate)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

animals exhibiting protostome development

A

-embryology is characterized by spiral

-determinate cleavage

-mesoderm arising from cells near the lip of the blastopore

-coelom arising as a split in an originally solid mass of mesoderm

-mouth arising from the embryonic blastopore

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

What 2 lineages that exhibit protostome development

A

Lophotrochozoa

Ecdysozoa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Lophotrochozoa

A

-a few display a set of ciliated tentacles called a lophophore, some members of other eucoelomate phyla in this branch have a ciliated trochophore larva

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Phylum Platyhelminthes

A

-planarians, tapeworms

-bilateral

-acoelomate

-marine, freshwater and damp terrestrial habitats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Planarian

A

-free-living

-freshwater flatworms

-cephalization

-branched gut

-mouth opens mid-ventrally at end of an eversible pharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Tapeworm

A

-scolex and hooks )anterior portion of the worm)

-long chains of segments called proglottids
-form in the region behind scolex

-male and female reproductive systems

-as proglottids age they become sexually mature and gravid (filled with eggs)

-break off and shed in feces of the host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Phylum Rotifera

A

-are pseudocoemlomate

-free-living

-marine and freshwater animals

-swim and feed with an anterior ciliated corona and break up food particles with complex internal jaws

-complete digestive tract with mouth and anus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

What are mastax

A

complex internal jaws

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

difference between rotifera and platyhelminthes

A

rotifera have complete digestive tract with mouth and anus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Phylum mollusca

A

-bilateral

-eucoelomate protostomes that lack segmentation

-most species are marine and possess a radula

-7-8 clades

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

muscular foot

A

used for locomotion or food capture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

visceral mass

A

contains the organ systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

mantle

A

a soft tissue that secretes the shell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

mantle cavity

A

Where gills and excretory organs are located

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

phylum mollusca bodies are composed of:

A
  • a muscular foot
    -visceral mass
    -mantle
    -mantle cavity
    -calcareous shell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

Which clades in phylum mollusca did we study?

A

Polyplacophora

gastropoda

bivalvia

cephalopoda

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

Polyplacophora

A

-chitons have 8 overlapping shell plates along the dorsal midline

-foot is used as a suction cup to adhere to rocks

-radula is used to scrape algae from rocks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

gastropoda

A

-snails and slugs

-have a single spiral shell

-bodies show torision (twisting)

-mucus is secreted to aid in locomotion

-radula used for feeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

Bivalvia

A

-clams, oysters, scallops, mussels

-paired lateral shells which are hinged dorsally

-radula is absent and the head is reduced

-gills are enlarged for suspension or filter feeding

-foot is used for anchorage and locomotion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

Cephalopoda

A

-squids, octopuses, nautiluses

-head and foot are fused in this group

-shell can be muti-coloured and external (nautilus), internal (squid) or absent (octopuses)

-head is modified into tentacles for prey capture and manipulation

-foot forms a siphon that is modified for jet-propelled locomotion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

Phylum annelida

A

-are eucoelomate

-segmented worms
-sgements usually divided internally by transverse septa, membranous paritions that seperate each segment

-most show evidence of cephalization

-closed circulatory systems

-complete gut

-2 major clades, errantia and sedentaria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

What is cephalization

A

development of an anterior head and concentration of nervous system and sense of organs there

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

closed circulatory systems

A

-distant from heart, arteries and veins are connected by capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

complete gut

A

mouth and anus present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

What are the two major clades in phylum annelida

A

errantia and sedentaria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

What is in phylum annelida

A

polychaetes

earthworms

leeches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

polychaetes

A

-marine

-lateral, fleshy parapodia beset with numerous chaetae and well-developed head appendages such as jaws, tentacles, and eyes

-are dioecious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

what is dioecious

A

they have separate sexes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

earthworms

A

-large freshwater or terrestrial

-lack parapodia

-very few chaetae per segment

-reduced heads and evidence of cephalization

-most are scavengers, feeding on dead organic matter, especially vegetation

-small freshwater species feed on detritus and microorganisms

-have a clitellum

-hetmaphroditic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

What is clitellum

A

That band around worms used for reproduction

produces a mucous film important for reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

Hermaphroditic

A

having both female and male reproductive organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

leeches

A

-largely fresh water, but in damp terrestrial also

-lack internal septa

-dorsoventrally flattened

-lobed intestines

-posses a clitellum

-hermaphroditic

-lack chaetae, which the other two have

-most are intermittent ectoparasitic blood feeders, but some are predators or scavengers

-anterior sucker is reduced but posterior sucker is easily seen

-eyes are present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

dorsoventrally flattened

A

body thats flat in upper and lower parts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

ectoparasitic

A

live on the skin of host to feed on blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

Chaetae

A

small bristle-like hairs protruding from each segment

-normally 8 on a segment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

Dorsal blood vessel- in worms

A

-visible through transparent skin, as a dark line on the dorsal surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

Genital pores- in worms

A

pair of large pores, openings of the vas deferens

-midway between mouth and ciltellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

muscular pharynx - in worms

A

-fuzzy surface cuz of dilator muscles extending body wall

-contraction expands the pharynx and sucks in particles of soil and detritus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
100
Q

crop-in worms

A

thin-walled sac for storage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
101
Q

gizzard- in worms

A

muscular organ for grinding food particles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
102
Q

typhlosole-in worms

A

-large rod of tissue hanging suspended in the intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
103
Q

Dorsal blood vessel-worm

A

dark tube overlying the digestive tract

-blood from the capillaries of each segment collects into the dorsal blood vessel and flows forward to the esophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
104
Q

ventral blood vessel-worms

A

small, yellowish tube running along underside of intestine

105
Q

Aortic arches (hearts) in worms

A

5 pairs of vessels circling the esophagus

-vessels bump blood from dorsal vessel into ventral blood vessel and from there the blood flows posteriorly into the capillaries of the segments

-tiny capillaries in the skin of each segemnt serve to pick up oxygen and discharge carbon dioxide

106
Q

Whats in the circulatory system in worms?

A

dorsal blood vessel

ventral blood vessel

aortic arches

107
Q

What is in the digestive system in worms?

A

-muscular pharynx

-esophagus

-crop

-gizzard

-intestine

-anus

-typhlosole

108
Q

What is in the nervous system in worms?

A

cerebral ganglia

ventral nerve cord

lateral nerves and ganglia

109
Q

cerebral ganglia

A

brain-like pair of concnetrated nerves

-first of second segment, connects with the nerve cord beneath

110
Q

Ventral nerve cord

A

thin, whitish cord located below the ventral blood vessel

111
Q

lateral nerves and ganglia

A

small nerves that run into the muscles of the body wall from swollen regions on the ventral nerve cord

112
Q

Whats in the reproductive system in worms?

A

seminal vesicles

seminal receptacles

113
Q

smeinal vesicles in worms

A

3 large, whitish sacs, extending from segments 9-14

-sperm released from very tiny testes are released into the seminal vesicles where they mature

114
Q

seminal receptacles in worms

A

2 pairs of small, rounded, white sacs (segments 9-10) somewhat obscured by the seminal vesicle

-receptacles receive sperm from the partner

115
Q

metanephridia in worms

A

-one pair per segment, posterior to gizzard

-excretory organs

-coelomic fluid enters the open end of each tubule and metabolic wastes are excreted via a pore through the body wall while essential minerals and water are reabsorbed back into the coelomic fluid

116
Q

Whats in the excretory system in worms?

A

metanephridia

117
Q

cuticle in worm cross-section

A

-external layer protecting skin

-direct gas exchange with the environment as well as prevention from desiccation along with mucus secreted by cells in the epidermis

118
Q

epidermis in worm cross section

A

cellular layer of tissue beneath the cuticle

119
Q

circular muscles in worm cross section

A

thin layer of muscle tissue, which when contracted squeezes worm long and thin

120
Q

longitudinal muscles in worm cross section

A

-thick layer of muscle tissue beneath the circular muscle, when contracted squeezes worm short and fat

121
Q

chaetae in worm cross section

A

4 pairs of bristle- like hairs penetrating body wall; 2 lateral pairs and 2 ventrolateral pairs

122
Q

intestine in worm cross section

A

-located centrally within coelom

123
Q

typhlosole in worm cross section

A

-large rod of tissue in the intestine

124
Q

dorsal blood vessel in worm cross section

A

-located above intestine

125
Q

ventral blood vessel in worm cross section

A

-located beneath the intestine

126
Q

ventral nerve cord

A

-beneath the ventral blood vessel consists of 2 large and 3 smaller fibers

-3 smaller fibers serve to convey urgent info (contract longitudinal muscles) very rapidly from one end of the worm to the other end

127
Q

Metanephridia in worm cross section

A

in the ventral and lateral areas of the coelom

128
Q

What are physiological adaptions for worms

A

secretion of coelomic fluid as lubricant faciltates the movement through a burrow

129
Q

What are behavioral adaptations for worms

A

migration to the soil surface during periods of rain
- need for moisture

130
Q

Ecdysozoa

A

-like the lophotrochozoa are grouped mostly based on molecular evidence

-all display ecdysis or molting of the outermost layer

131
Q

Phylum nematoda

A

-round worms

-widespread and common

-either free-living or parasitic

-pseudocoelomate

-unsegmented

-round in cross section

-tapered at both ends

-covered by a resistant

-secreted cuticle

-lacking appendages

132
Q

Phylum arthropoda

A

-bilaterally symmetrical

-segmented

-eucoelomate protostomes that ahve a chitinous exoskeleton

-open circulatory system

-complete digestive tract

-dorsal brain with ventral nerve cord

-paired jointed appendages

-body divdied into 3 regions, head, thorax, and abdomen though some regions may be fused

-most numerous and diverse of all animals

3 major lineages

-

133
Q

What are the three major lineages of phylum anthropoda

A

-chelicerates

-myriapods

-pancrustaceans

134
Q

Chelicerates

A

-4 pairs of legs plus 2 pairs of head appendages: one pair of chelicerae and one pair of pedipalps

-lack antennae

-are pincerlike and used for feeding

-pedipalps are mainly sensory but can be used in feeding, locomotion, or reproduction

135
Q

Whats in Chelicerates

A

-spiders, mites, ticks, and scorpions

-terrestrial

136
Q

Spiders

A

Phylum arthropoda, chelicerates

-cephalothorax and legless abdomen

137
Q

mites and ticks

A

Phylum arthropoda, chelicerates

-abdomen fused to leg-bearing region

138
Q

scorpions

A

Phylum arthropoda, chelicerates

-elongate abdomen bearing poisonous sting

139
Q

Pancrustaceans (crustaceans)

A

-paraphyletic

-crustaceans and insects form a monophyletic group

-arthropods with mandibles

-2 pairs of antennae

-conspicuous thoracic and abdominal appendages

-biramous (branched) appendages

-live in marine or freshwater habitats, few are terrestrial

140
Q

What are mandibles

A

mouthparts used to crush and grind food

141
Q

appendages use

A

Perform tasks like feeding, swimming, and reproduction

142
Q

What does crustaceans include

A

-pill bugs

-krill

-shrimp

-crabs

-lobsters

-water fleas

-barnacles

143
Q

Order isopoda

A

-pill bug or woodlouse

-terrestrial

-feed on detritus in moist areas

-found under rocks or leaf litter

-seven pairs of legs, all similar size and shape

iso = same
pod= foot

144
Q

order decapoda

A

-crayfish, crabs, lobsters

-well-developed carapace that covers the dorsal side of the sephalothorax

10 legs

deca= ten
pod= foot

145
Q

subclass cirripedia

A

-barnacles

-marine suspension feeders
-feet modified as filter-feeding structures that are well adapted to life in the tidal zone

-huge economic impact especially on the shipping industry

146
Q

class branchiopoda

A

-fairy shrimp and brine shrimp

-generally non-marine crustaceans found in vernal pools and brackish waters

-possess gills or “branchia” on almost all their appendages

147
Q

class hexapoda (insects)

A

-extremely large

-30 insect orders

-all have 3 pairs of legs, one pair on each of the thoracic segments

0-2 pairs of wings, also on thorax

and 1 pair of antennae

148
Q

order hemiptera

A

-true bugs, cicadas, leaf hoppers, aphids, ect

-often confused with beetles, but their first pair of wings is only partially hardened or leathery

-sucking mouthparts

149
Q

order coleoptera

A

-beetles

-4 wings, but first pair is highly modified into hardened protective coverings for the second membranous pair and the abodmen

150
Q

Order Diptera

A

-flies

-contains all insects with only 2 membranous wings

151
Q

order hymenoptera

A

-wasps, bees, and ants

-4 well-veined, mebranous wings, with the second pair smaller than the first

-all show constriction (waist) between the thorax and abdomen

-several are socail insects and many sting

152
Q

order lepidoptera

A

-butterflies and moths

-4 large wings covered with scales

-larvae are known as caterpillars

-caterpillars have chewing mouthparts, while adults have either sucking mouthparts or none

153
Q

myriapods

A

-centipedes and millipedes

-mandibulate arthropods with uniramous (unbranched) appendages

-terrestrial

-millipedes are herbivorous with inconspicuous mandibles while the centipedes are carnivorous with conspicuous manidibles

154
Q

external anatomy grasshopper

A

-chitinous exoskeleton is divided into a series of armor-like plates

-tinner, flexible areas of exoskeleton between the plates form articular membranes

-body divided inot three main regions, head, thorax, and posterior abdomen

155
Q

antennae -grasshopper

A

paired sensory appendages

156
Q

compound eye -grasshopper

A

-complex eyes

visual unit = ommatidium

157
Q

ocelli -grasshopper

A

-three small, simple eyes, one located in the midline groove between the antennae, 2 near the top-front corner of each compound eye

158
Q

What are the parts of the head of a grasshopper

A

-antennae

-compound eyes

-ocelli

159
Q

mouthparts of a grasshopper

A

-relatively unspecialized and are designed for manipulating and chewing food

160
Q

What is in the mouthparts of a grasshopper

A

-labrum

-labium

-maxillae

-mandibles

-hypopharynx

-thorax, prothorax

161
Q

labrum -grasshopper

A

the anterior mouthpart, like the upper lip

162
Q

labium- grasshopper

A

-the unpaired lower lip, provided with lateral feelers, labial palps

163
Q

maxillae in grasshopper

A

-paired structures for food manipulation, each with small, lateral maxillary palp

-the palps are segmented and are used to manipulate food and gather sensory info

164
Q

mandibles in grasshopper

A

-2 massive jaws

165
Q

hypopharynx in grasshopper

A

-central, tongue-like structures

166
Q

thorax of grasshopper

A

-consists of 3 segments each bearing a pair of jointed legs:

-prothorax
-medothorax
-metathorax

167
Q

prothorax of grasshopper

A

-anterior segemnt of thorax (covered by the saddle-like pronotum) bearing a pair of walking legs, called the prothoracic legs

168
Q

mesothorax of grasshopper

A

-middle thoracic segment, bearing a second pair of walking legs, the mesothoracic legs

169
Q

metathorax of grasshopper

A

-posterior thoracic segment, bearing the large metathhoacic legs specialized for jumping

170
Q

wings of grasshopper

A

-2 pairs of wings, the outermost mesothoracic wings are leathery, beneath them are the membranous matathoracic wings

171
Q

Whats part of the abdomen of grasshopper

A

-tympanum

-spiracles

172
Q

tympanum of grasshopper

A

-distinct rounded section of thin membrane on first abdominal segment, often partially obscured by the metathoracic leg

173
Q

spiracles of grasshopper

A

-minute respiratory openings, at the anteroventral corners of segments 2-9

174
Q

abdomen of grasshopper

A

-relatively unspecialized, consists of 11 segments

175
Q

external genitalia of grasshopper

A

-the terminal segments of the abdomen show some fusion, modifications to form genitalia

176
Q

What is part of the external genitalia of a grasshopper

A

-ovipositor

-cerci

177
Q

ovipositor of grasshopper

A

-conspicuous structure of 4 large conical prongs only in females

178
Q

cerci of grasshopper

A

-small, dark, triangular dorsolateral spurs, in males and females

-have a tactile sensory function

179
Q

muscles in grasshoppers

A

-found throughout the body, those in the thorax are especially well developed to move the legs and wings

180
Q

tracheae in grasshopper

A

-transparent

-delicate respiratory tubes

-ring-like structures that keep tracheae from collapsing

181
Q

Whats part of the locomotion and respiration of the grasshopper

A

-muscles

-tracheae

182
Q

digestive and excertory systems

A

-gonads (sex organs) overlie part of the digestive system, especailly the intestine

183
Q

crop in grasshoppers

A

-thin-walled sec for storage

184
Q

digestive ceca in grasshoppers

A

-finger-like projections posterior to crop whihc function to enlarge the digestive and absorptive area of the stomach below

185
Q

intestine of grasshopper

A

-extends posteriorly from the stomach and terminates in an anus

186
Q

malpighian tubules in grasshopper

A

-long, threadlike tubles surrounding lower intestine

-these tubules are the excretory and osmoregulatory organs of the grasshopper

-coelomic fluid containing metabolic wastes enters the tubules and is eventually discharged by anus

187
Q

What is part of the digestive and excretory systems in grasshopper

A

-mouth
-esophagus
-crop
-digestive ceca
-intestine
-malpighian tubules

188
Q

ovaries in grasshoppers

A

-females

-conspicous paired structures, which overlay the intestines

189
Q

oviduct in grasshoppers

A

-females

-strap-like tube leaving each ovary posteriorly and turning under the intestine

190
Q

vagina in grasshoppers

A

-females

-point at which oviducts join to form a median tube

191
Q

spermathecae in grasshoppers

A

-females

-coiled tubular storage sacs for sperm received during mating

192
Q

All the reproductive system parts for female grasshoppers

A

-ovaries
-vagina
-oviduct
-spermathecae

193
Q

testes in grasshoppers

A

-males

-paired organs located above the digestive tract in the abdomen

194
Q

vas deferens in grasshoppers

A

-males

-thin tube extending posteriorly from each testis

195
Q

Ejaculatory duct in grasshoppers

A

-males

-point of union of the vasa deferentia under the intestine

196
Q

accessory glands in grasshoppers

A

-males

-a number of small tubules lying anterior to the ejaculatory duct and joining with it.

197
Q

what is part of the reproductive system in male grasshoppers

A

-testes

-vas deferens

-ejaculatory duct

-accessory glands

198
Q

ventral nerve cord in grasshoppers

A

-yellowish cord running under a thin overlying connective tissue in ventral floor of coelom

199
Q

ganglia in grasshopper

A

-swollen regions of the nerve cord,

2 in head (cerebral ganglia),

3 in thorax (thoracic ganglia),

5 smaller ones in abdomen (abdominal ganglia)

200
Q

lateral nerves in grasshoppers

A

-lead away from the nerve cord in each segment

201
Q

What is part of the nervous system in grasshoppers

A

-ganglia

-lateral nerves

-ventral nerve cord

202
Q

Deuterostomia animals

A

-radial

-indeterminate cleavage

-mesoderm

-coelom formation by means of enterocoelic pouches

-blastopore forming the anus

203
Q

Phylum echinodermata

A

-show secondary radial symmetry that has developed from bilateral larvae

-marine habitats

-have calcareous endoskeletons

-possess a water vascular system that is unique

204
Q

What is the water vascular system

A

an internal hydraulic network of canals that controls the respiratory/locomotory/ feeding appendaged called tube feet (podia)

205
Q

What are podia

A

tube feet

206
Q

asteroidea

A

phylum echinodermata

-sea stars, starfish

-flattend echinoderms with central disk not sharply delineated from arms, arms having open ambulacral grooves, carnivores or scavengers

207
Q

What is in phylum echinodermata?

A

-asteroidea

-echinoidea

-holothuroidea

208
Q

echinoidea

A

-sand dollars and sea urchins

-armless with well-developed endoskeletons which may be either;
-globose with enlarged spines (urchins)
or - flattened with numerous short spines (dollars)
or - slightly inflated with numerous short spines (heart or biscuit urchins)

209
Q

Sea urchins

A

-grazers that feed on seaweed by scraping the substrate with a specialized structure called aristoles lantern

210
Q

sand dollars

A

-feed on suspended microscopic aniamls like copepods and larvae

211
Q

Holothuroidea

A

-sea cucumbers

-soft-bodied cucumber shaped echinoderms

-polar axis has been elongated forcing them to lie on their side rather than the oral pole

-have vestigial skeletons lacking spines

-most are suspension or filter feeders

-5 rows of tube feet, tenticles around mouth

212
Q

Phylum chordata

A

-bilateral deuterostomes with segemnted bodies

-a dorsal hollow nerve cord

-notochord

=paired pharyngeal (gill) slits

-most have a post anal tail

-two groups of invertebrates as well as vertebrates

213
Q

What are the two groups of invertevrates in phylum chordata

A

-cephalochordata and urochordata

214
Q

cephalochordata

A

-lancelets

-marine fish-like chordates showing oral tentacles surrounding the mouth

-v-shaped muscle segments

-lacking any vertebral or cranial skeleton

215
Q

amphioxus

A

-mouth opens into cavity of the pharynx, which is enclosed by numous gill bars

-openings between the gill bars are the pharynheal gill slits, used for filter feeding and gas exchange

-dorsal to the pharynx and darkly stained intestine is the notochord

-notochord is a rod like structure that extends from one end of the body to the other

-dorsal to the notochord is the hollow, dorsal nerve cord

216
Q

Urochordata

A

-tunicates, or sea squirts

-marine with planktonic tadpole-larvae that shows all 4 chordate characteristics

-adults lost most evidence of these traits and are highly modified for sessile filter feeding with incurrent and excurrent siphons serving an enlarged filtering pharynx

217
Q

What do fungi do

A

-they protect

-they attack

-they bring bioavilable nutrients back

218
Q

Characteristics of fungi

A

*cell walls of chitin
*non-motile
*nutrients obtained by absorption
= Absorptive Heterotrophs

219
Q

Stucture

A

*Hypha - filament

-aseptate - no cross walls

-coenocytic - continuous mass
of cytoplasm with many nuclei

-septate - cross walls present

220
Q

*What grows above the ground?

A

Fruiting bodies, which are
reproductive structures

221
Q

*What grows underground?

A

Mycelium: a mass of
filaments called hyphae

222
Q

Fungi roles

A

*foods, medicines, alcohol

*decomposers (saprobic fungi)

*symbiosis with other organisms (lichens, mycorrhizae)

*parasitism

223
Q

Fungi Life Cycle

A

-zygotic meiosis

-plasmogamy

-karyogamy

224
Q

*plasmogamy

A

-fusion of cytoplasm (n+n)

225
Q

karyogamy

A

-fusion of nuclei (2n)

226
Q

Fungi Phyla (names)

A

Zygomycota - zygosporangium

*Ascomycota - ascocarp

*Basidiomycota - basidiocarp

227
Q

how many ascus does phylum ascomycota have?

A

Each ascus (pl = asci) has 8 ascospores

228
Q

What is the lining surface of the gills in phylum basidiomycota?

A

basidia

229
Q

how many basidiospores does each basidium produce in phylum basidiomycota

A

4

230
Q

What is a lichen

A

Symbiotic relationship between an ascomycete/basidiomycete and a green algae.

231
Q

Basal Lineage

A
  • Metazoa
232
Q

Radial symmetry

A

there is no left or right side

if you divide them the are mirror immages

233
Q

Bilateral symmetry

A

has a left and right side

-if cut in two there is two halves

234
Q

Protostomes and deuterostomes

A

Protostomes:
-spiral + determinate cleavage
-schizocoelous
-blastopore-mouth

Deuterostomes:
-radial + indeterminate cleavage
-Enterocoelous
-blastopore-anus

235
Q

Coelom Types

A

Acoelomate

Pseudocoelomate

Coelomate

236
Q

Acoelomate

A

No body cavity

237
Q

Pseudocoelomate

A

body cavity partially lined with
mesoderm

238
Q

Coelomate

A

true coelom entirely lined with
mesoderm

239
Q

Bilateria Lineages

A

-Protostomia

-Lophotrochozoa

-Ecdysozoa

Phylum Porifera

Phylum Cnidaria

Phylum Platyhelminthes

Phylum Rotifera

Phylum Mollusca

Phylum Annelida

240
Q

Ecdysozoans

A

all display ecdysis
* molting of outermost layer

Phylum Nematoda

  • Phylum Arthropoda
  • Pancrustaceans
  • Myriapods
241
Q

Deuterostomes

A

-radial, indeterminate cleavage

  • coelom formation by means of enterocoelic pouches
  • blastopore forms anus
242
Q

Echinodermata

A

Secondary radial symmetry
* Calcareous endoskeleton
* Water vascular system
* Marine

243
Q

Chordata

A

-Pharyngeal slits
* Notochord
* Dorsal hollow nerve cord
* Post-anal tail

244
Q

Phylum Porifera

A
  • no true tissues or organs
  • radial symmetry (or none)
245
Q

Eumetazoa

A
  • tissues and organs
  • radial or bilateral symmetry
246
Q

Radiata

A
  • radial symmetry,
    diploblastic
247
Q

Bilateria

A
  • bilateral symmetry,
    triploblastic
248
Q
  • Phylum Echinodermata
    Deuterostomes
A
  • sea stars
  • urchins, sand dollars
  • sea cucumbers
249
Q

Phylum Chordata

Deuterostomes

A
  • Subphylum Cephalochordata - lancelets
  • Subphylum Urochordata - tunicates
  • Subphylum Vertebrata - vertebrates
250
Q
  • Phylum Arthropoda

Ecdysozoans

A

Chelicerates
* spiders, mites, ticks, scorpions

251
Q

Pancrustaceans

Ecdysozoans

A

Crusteceans: Isopoda, Decapoda, Maxillopoda, Branchiopoda

Hexapoda (insects): Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera,
Lepidoptera

252
Q

Myriapod
Ecdysozoans

A

centipedes and millipedes

253
Q

Lophotrochozoa

bilateral linages

A

molecular evidence,

lophophore, or trochophore
larva

254
Q

-Ecdysozoa

A

molecular evidence,

shedding of outermost layer

255
Q

Phylum Cnidaria

A

Medusozoans (hydra, man-o-war, jellyfish)

Anthozoans (corals, anemones)

256
Q

Phylum Platyhelminthes

A

planarians

tapeworms

257
Q

Phylum Mollusca

A

Class Polyplacophora (chitons)

Class Gastropoda (snails and slugs)

Class Bivalvia (clams, oysters, mussels)

Class Cephalopoda (squid, octopuses, nautiluses)

258
Q

Phylum Annelida

A

polychaetes

earthworms

leeches

Bio lab exam (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions