Exam 3 Flashcards
(18 cards)
Describe the role that Parathyroid Hormone has in relation to bone dynamics and osteocyte activity
Parathyroid: increases serum calcium by increasing the net release of calcium salts from bone
Increases osteoclast activity
Inhibits of osteoblast activity
Identify the role Vitamin D plays with calcium homeostasis
regulates the calcium and phosphorus levels in the blood by promoting their absorption from food in the intestines, and by promoting re-absorption of calcium in the kidneys
Identify the disease process of Ricketts and its underlying causes
-softening of the bones because of a vitamin d deficiency and lack of calcium in the diet
- common reptile medicine issue; lack of UV light, and adequate calcium
Identify the hormones affecting bone growth
-growth hormones(hGH): elongation of long bones
-sex hormones(androgens and estrogen)
-Androgens and estrogen promote growth and closure of epiphyseal plates
Identify the 3 basic types of bone fractures
-Greenstick: breaks through only one side
-complete: breaks completely through both sides
- comminuted: multiple small pieces of breaks
Describe the sequence of events associated with bone healing
- Fracture
- Granulation tissue
- Callus
- Mineralization
- Remodeling
Understand the basic concepts involved with wolfs law
- the shape of a bone determines its function
- actions can alter a bones actual shape. The bone will thicken on the side that has a lot of force directed against it
Exercise can strengthen bones and even “straighten them”
Describe hyperthermia, fever, and hypothermia and recognize the differences between them
- Hyperthermia: body to hot, can’t get rid of it
-Fever: core temperature is above normal body temperature - Hypothermia: core temperature drops below what is required for normal metabolism
Identify the signs of inflammation
Redness, swelling, warmth
Identify the bodies different responses to injury
- Vasoconstriction to prevent hemorrhage
- Vasodilation
- White blood cells attracted to site via chemotaxis
- Bacteria may release toxins (endo and exo)
- Replace (scar) or repair
Define castration, cryptorchid, and proud cut in relation to male neuteing
- Castration: removing the testicles of a male animal so they can no longer reproduce
- Cryptorchid: failure of the testis to descend
- Proud Cut: horse that has been castrated, but not all of the testis remain after castration
Identify the proper term for a neutered male
-Horse: gelding
-Ox: steer
-Pig: barrow
-Goat/sheep: wether
-Chicken: capon
Identify the species that have low volume-high concentration and the species that have high volume-low concentration of sperm
High volume, low concentration: stallions and boars
Low volume, high concentration: cow and ram
Identify the difference of spontaneous and induced ovulations and provide examples of each
Spontaneous: LH surge and ovulation occurs in most domestic species independent of copulation; horses, cows, ewe, sows
Induced: copulation causes a neural reflex from vaginal stimulation and a subsequent surge in GnRH and LH, the penis is usually quite rough; rabbits, ferrets, mink, camelids, cats
Identify the 3 methods the male uses to know the female is receptive
Behavior: cows will ride one another, vocalize, tolerate males
Pheromones: chemical signals can travel some distance
Allow copulation: try repeatedly
Identify delayed implantation and what species use this adaptive feature
Allow animals to regulate pregnancy based on environment
Weasels, minks, seals, otters, bats, armadillos, kangaroos
Compare and contrast some of the basic variations in avian reproduction in relation to the domestic mammals
Males: testes are near the kidneys, vas deferns leads to the cloaca, homogametic sex
Females: only have one ovary and one oviduct, ovum becomes a developing embryo, heterogametic sex
