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Botany > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Photosynthesis equation

A

6 CO2 + 6 H2O
—light—>
C6H12O6 + 6O2

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2
Q

Cellular respiration equation

A

Sugar and oxygen results in Carbon dioxide, water,

C6H12O6 + O2
—>
6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

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3
Q

Water’s role in photosynthesis

A

Source of electrons

Release oxygen as waste product

Indirect limiting factor due to closing of somates

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4
Q

Energy transport molecules

A

Reduced forms Oxidized forms
ATP ADP and Pi
NADH NAD+
FADH2 FAD
NADPH NADP+

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5
Q

Photosynthesis definition

A

Process in which light energy is transformed into chemical energy reducing CO2 to glucose

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6
Q

Structure of chloroplast

A

Thylakoid: interconnected membrane sacs housing chloroplasts

Strong: thick fluid around thylakoid

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7
Q

Plant pigments

A

Chlorophyll a: most abundant; absorbs blue-violet and red

Chlorophyll b: absorbs blue and orange

Carotenoids: absorbs blue-green

Flavonoids: absorbs ultraviolet

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8
Q

Photosystem definition

A

Light harvesting unit of thylakoid membrane

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9
Q

Reactants and products of photosystem 2

A

Reactants:
Light
Water

Products:
2 H+
1/2 Oxygen
2 electrons

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10
Q

Cellular respiration definition

A

Chemical energy harvested from fuel molecules

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11
Q

Components needed for photosynthesis

A

CO2
H2O
Light
Chlorophyll

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12
Q

Photosystem 2

A

P680

Electrons transferred to cytochrome complex

Lost electrons replaced by splitting H2O; releasing O2 and H+

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13
Q

Cytochrome complex b6f

A

Carries electron from PS2 to PS1

Aids in pumping H+ across membrane

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14
Q

Photosystem 1

A

Passes electron to ferrodoxin aided by NADPH+ reductase to transfer 2 electrons and proton to produce NADPH
P700

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15
Q

Requirements for Calvin benson

A

CO2
ATP
NADPH
RUBISCO
RuBP

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16
Q

Products of Calvin benson

A

G3P

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17
Q

3 phases of Calvin benson

A

Carbon fixation
Reduction
Regeneration

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18
Q

Carbon fixation phase of Calvin benson

A

Carbon from CO2 attached to 5 carbon sugar RuBP using rubisco

Creates 6 carbon sugar

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19
Q

Reduction phase of Calvin benson

A

ATP AND NADPH from light reactions is transferred to sugar to produce G3P in stroma

6 carbon sugar is split into 2 G3P

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20
Q

Regeneration phase of Calvin benson

A

Some G3P and ATP used to remake RuBP for cycle to continue

Remaining G3P used to make sugars

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21
Q

Number of times Calvin benson must run to make 1 molecule of glucose

A

6

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22
Q

Biochemical limitations to photosynthetic rates

A

ATP, NADPH, and Pi availability

RuBP available for carbon fixation

Rubisco availability

Ratio of CO2 to O2
High CO2 speeds up carbon fixation
High O2 leads to photorespiration

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23
Q

Photorespiration

A

Rubisco utilizes O2 instead of CO2 resulting in consuming energy and releasing CO2

Uses up energy to make sugars

May prevent photo oxidation damage

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24
Q

C3 Pathway

A

Standard carbon fixation

Range of temps and light

Limited in high temps and high light

Requires:
CO2
ATP
NADPH
RUBISCO
RuBP

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25
C4 Pathway
Creates 4 carbon molecule Requires PEP and PEP carboxylase Standard carbon fixation Occurs in mesophyll and bundle sheath Reduction of photorespiration Higher optimum temps
26
CAM pathway
Same as C4 but occurs by time and not tissues PEP carboxylase fixes CO2 at night and transfers to Calvin during day Plants require thicker tissues and slower growth Handles higher temps, light intensity, and H2O stress
27
Evolution
Accumulation of genetic changes in populations of living organisms through many generations
28
Fitness
Ability to produce viable offspring
29
2 main evolutionary concepts
Descent w/ modification Natural selection
30
Descent w/ modification
Organisms accumulate modifications in response to environment
31
Natural selection
Organisms with certain inheritable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce than those with other traits Mechanism of evolution and most significant factor causing gene pool changes
32
Acclimation
Gradual physiological adjustment to new conditions
33
Speciation
Formation of a new species
34
Species
Distinct identifiable group of populations that are evolutionarily independent and can interbreed
35
Systematics
Classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships
36
Taxonomy
Identifying, naming, and classifying species
37
Classification
Based on shared physical characteristics Fossil evidence Anatomical data Molecular data Biogeography
38
Phylogeny
Evolutionary relationships among organisms Utilizes, fossils, morphology, and molecular bio Phylogenetic trees
39
Classification hierarchy
Kingdom Division -phyta Class -opsida Order -ales Family -aceae Genus Species
40
Clade
Ancestral species and all of its descendants
41
Cladistics
Study of evolutionary history by researching clades
42
Ingroup
Clade group What’s being analyzed
43
Outgroup
Clade group Species or group that diverged a long time ago
44
Monophyletic group
Composed of ancestor and all its descendants Overall end goal
45
Paraphyletic group
Composed of common ancestor, but not all descendants
46
Polyphyletic group
Two or more ancestors, but not a true common ancestor
47
6 major challenges in systematics
Convergent evolution Adaptive radiation Developmental plasticity Polyploidy Asexual reproduction Artificial selection 
48
Convergent evolution
Adaptive change, resulting in similarities among organisms Due to similar environments, not common ancestors Evolved independently
49
Adaptive radiation
Rapid evolutionary diversification within one lineage Produces numerous descendants species with wide range of adaptive forms Typically follows mass extinctions
50
Developmental plasticity
Physical differences arise due to environmental conditions Generally, no genetic basis Ecotype: locally adapted variant of an organism with a genetic basis
51
2 Types of Polyploidy
Autoploidy: due to mutation that results in more than two chromosomes sets within a species Allopolyploidy: due to hybridization between different species
52
Artificial selection
Process in which humans purposely change allele frequency of a gene pool Seek individuals with desirable qualities, disease, resistance, stress, tolerance, increased, seeded, protein, content, long, flowering time
53
Alternation of generations
Reproductive cycle in which haploid phase gametophyte produces gametes Gametes fuse in pairs to produce a zygote Zygote leads to diploid sporophyte phase Meiosis and fertilization
54
Increase in plant complexity overtime allowing for terrestrial habitation
Photosynthesis Conduction Support Anchorage Protection Reproduction
55
Gametophyte generation
First cell is a spore Produces gametangia where gates develop inside via mitosis Cells of this generation are haploid
56
Sporophyte generation
First cell is a zygote from fertilization Produces sporangium where spores develop inside via meiosis Any cell of this generation is diploid
57
4 major events in plant evolution
Origin of gametangia: protect gammetes and embryos Origin of vascular tissue: conducts water and nutrients Origin of seeds: protects embryos from desiccation and other hazards Origin of flowers: bears ovules within protective chambers, called ovaries
58
Algae
Photosynthetic organisms that can be unicellular, colonial, filamentous, membranous, and prenchymatous Ecological and economical importance: Food source Vital habitat for other organisms Disease Industrial uses Medical advancements
59
Importance of fungi
Decomposition Mycorrhizae Remediation of environmental pollution Production of food and beverages Penicillin Dutch Elm disease and chestnut blight
60
Lichen
Association of a fungus and a green algae or cyanobacteria Body forms: crustose foliose fructose
61
Nonvascular plant adaptations compared to algae
Drought resistant spores Multicellular body for greater water retention Waterproofing cuticle Protection of gamy and spore from desiccation (sporangia and gametangia) Coordination of gamete production with moisture
62
Bryophyte alternation of generations
Gametophyte is longer generation Sporophyte depends on gametophyte for nutrition
63
Division Marchantia
Liverworts: leafy and thallose Can reproduce asexually via gemmae
64
Division Bryophta (Mnium)
5 classes Peat mosses, true mosses, rock mosses Gametangia are surrounded by paraphyses Sporophytes is stalk
65
Division Anthocerophyta
Hornworts Forms symbiosis w/ Cyanobacteria
66
Bryophyte economic and ecological importance
Shelter and food for invertebrates Initial colonizers Used as bedding and padding material Absorbent and antibacterial properties Fuel source Sensitivity to pollution Historical preservation Global carbon cycle
67
Seedless vascular plant adaptations compared to bryophytes
Vascular tissue allowed for height True roots, stems and leaves Development of complex tissue systems Cuticles, guard cells, protected spores
68
Microphyll
Relatively small leaves with only a single strand of vascular tissue
69
Megaphyll
Larger leaves with complex system of vascular tissue (branching)
70
Dominate generation of seedless vascular plants
Sporophyte Produces more offspring
71
Homospory
Produce one kind of spore
72
Heterospory
Produce both kinds of spores
73
Strobilus
Cone like structure of sporophylls
74
Sorus
Cluster of sporangia
75
Sporophyll
Spore bearing modified leaf
76
Elaters
Ribbon like appendages found near spores

Botany (5 decks)

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