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Botany > Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Flashcards

(70 cards)

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1
Q

Plant Systematic

A

evolutionary relationship b/w plant species

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2
Q

Plant Morphology

A

form and structure of plants

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3
Q

Paleobotany

A

biology and evolution of fossil plants

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4
Q

Prokaryotes

A

cells w/out a nucleus or membrane bound organelles

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5
Q

Eukaryotes

A

cells w/ a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

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6
Q

Protoplast

A

Includes plasma membrane and cellular objects w/in
living parts of cell
filled w/ liquid (cytosol)

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7
Q

cytoplasm

A

cytosol and organelles

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8
Q

nucleus

A

regulates and controls cellular functions
storage of genetic info
protected by double-bound membrane (nuclear envelope)

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9
Q

Plastids

A

double-membrane bound organelle
manufacture and storage of chemical compounds
typically have pigments
own circular DNA and ribosomes
Examples: chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and leucoplasts

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10
Q

chloroplasts

A

site of photosynthesis
contains chlorophyll pigments

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11
Q

chromoplasts

A

contains colored pigments such as carotenoids
attraction of pollinators and seed dispersers
absorption and dissipation of excess light energy

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12
Q

leucoplasts

A

colorless plastids involved in storage
-amyloplasts: starch storage and gravity detection
-elaioplasts: fat storage
-proteinoplasts: protein storage and modification

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13
Q

mitochondria

A

double-membrane bound organelles involved in cellular respiration
own circular DNA and ribosomes

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14
Q

microbodies

A

spherical single membrane bound organelles
enzyme bearing vesicles for oxidation of fatty acids
includes peroxisomes and glyoxysomes

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15
Q

peroxisomes

A

involved in photorespiration and detoxification of products of photosynthesis

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16
Q

glyoxysomes

A

involved in conversion of fats into sugars during seed germination

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17
Q

vacuole

A

single membrane
80-90% volume of a cell
water regulation, storage, and waste products

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18
Q

ER

A

tubular network continuous with the nuclear envelope
connects cell through plasmodesmata
rough: protein synthesis
smooth: lipid and carb synthesis, storage of Ca 2+

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19
Q

dictyosomes

A

flattened stacks of interconnected membranes
packaging and distribution of synthesized molecules
protein and lipid modifications

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20
Q

cytoskeleton

A

infrastructure of cell
network of fibers
mechanical support, anchors and reinforces organelles, cell-to-cell communication

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21
Q

plasma membrane

A

phospholipid bilayer w/ proteins inserted within
flexible
coordinates synthesis and assembly of cell wall, mediates transport in/out of cell, signal transduction

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22
Q

cell wall

A

structural support, protection, controls internal pressure
composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, pectins, and glycoproteins

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23
Q

plasmodesma

A

narrow hole in a primary wall
function in cellular communication

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24
Q

secondary wall

A

internal to primary wall
contains large amounts of lignin
lignin gives wood characteristic strength

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25
photorespiration
oxygenase activity of rubisco rubisco grabs O2 instead of CO2 in photosynthesis
26
cellulose
unbranched glucose polysaccharide
27
hemicellulose
branched glucose polysaccharide reinforces cellulose fibers
28
pectin
polysaccharides that act as a gel maintains moisture compression strength
29
glycoproteins
proteins which further reinforces cell wall and acts in communication/transport
30
middle lamella
layer of pectin that cements two adjacent cells together
31
Determinate growth
Growth stops once organ reaches certain size Flowers and leaves
32
Indeterminate growth
Growth continues indefinitely Trees
33
Meristems
Permanent regions of active cell division
34
Dedifferentiation
Reversal in differentiation of cell or tissue to resume meristematic activity
35
Redifferentiation
Reversal in differentiation in cell or tissue to another type of cell or tissue Meristem to specialized
36
Apical meristem
Found at tips of roots and shoots Increase length of plants (primary growth) Produces 3 primary meristems: -protoderm -ground meristem -procambium
37
Protoderm
Dermal tissue
38
Ground meristem
Ground tissue
39
Procambium
Vascular tissue
40
Lateral meristems
Increase girth in certain plants (secondary growth)
41
Vascular cambium
Produce secondary xylem for H2O Produce secondary phloem for sugar
42
Cork cambium (phellogen)
Produce cork (phellem) and phelloderm Function in support and protection
43
Intercalary meristem
Meristem in vicinity of nodes Found in monocots Add to stem length
44
Basic tissues
Dermal: epidermis (primary) & periderm (secondary) Ground: plant organs; parenchyma, sclerenchyma, and collenchyma; form pith and cortex Vascular: conducting; xylem and phloem
45
Epidermis
Secretes cutin which forms waxy layer (cuticle) Prevents evaporation, disease and bacteria resistant, protects against herbicides
46
Stomata (leaves)
Guard cells-chloroplast filled cells that regulate gas exchange
47
Trichomes (leaves)
Reduce water loss Repels insects and animals
48
Parenchyma Tissue
Composed of parenchyma cells Still living at maturity Large vacuoles Food and water storage
49
Collenchyma tissue
Composed of collenchyma cells Still living at maturity Found beneath epidermis Walls thicker and uneven bc extra primary wall in corners Flexible support
50
Sclerenchyma tissue
Dead at maturity Thick secondary wall (lignin) No protoplasm Two types: Fibers: long and thin with tiny cavity (lumen); flexible Sclereids: short and spherical; inflexible and brittle; many pits
51
Complex Ground Tissues
Cortex (outer region) & pith (inner region: various parenchyma cells; food storage
52
Primary xylem
Conducts water and minerals Two types of tracheary elements: -Vessels: long barrel tubes/ pits and open ends -tracheids: long narrow tubes, tapered at ends, clear pits
53
Programmed cell death
Genetically controlled series of changes leads to death
54
Pits
Areas where no secondary wall deposited (formerly plasmodesmata) Form over pit membranes Allow water to move cell to cell
55
Xylem rays
Parenchyma cells in horizontal rows Conduct water from xylem Storage
56
Primary phloem
Conducts sugars Primary cel wall and no nuclei Long cylindrical tube w: sieve pores at ends
57
2 types of sieve elements
Sieve cells w/ albuminous cells: only in seedless vascular plants and gymnosperms Sieve tube w/ companion cells: angiosperms
58
Phloem rays
Parenchyma cells in horizontal rows Conduct sugars from phloem Storage
59
Secretory cells
Complex tissue Made of parenchyma Remove waste products Produces nectar, perfumes
60
Secondary xylem and phloem
Produced by vascular cambium Found in eudicots Function same as primary
61
Periderm
Secondary tissue Woody eudicots only Outer bark composed of cork cells Dead at maturity
62
Suberin
Hydrophobic waxy substance in periderm
63
Lenticels
Pockets of tissue which protrude through periderm surface
64
Primary roots
Originate from embryo (radicle)
65
Secondary roots (branch or lateral)
Originate from primary roots
66
Adventitious roots
Originate from any plant organ beside primary or secondary
67
Root cap
Mass of cells at tip Secretes lubricant (mucilage) Protects apical meristem Gravity perception
68
Vascular cylinder
Roots Composed of pericycle, primary phloem and primary xylem
69
Endodermis
Roots Single layer of cels around vascular cylinder Casparian strips: primary walls contain suberin and lignin Passage cells: thin primary walls Regulates water into vascular cylinder
70
Root secondary growth
Occurs in some eudicots Cork cambium: phellum and phelloderm Vascular cambium: secondary phloem and xylem (increase girth) Both arise from pericycle

Botany (5 decks)

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