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CDIS 3475 Speech Science > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

(92 cards)

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1
Q

Define Traveling wave

A

Wave pulse traveling down a string or through a medium

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2
Q

When traveling waves collide there is….

A

superposition and interference

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3
Q

Describe superposition

A

happens when 2+ traveling waves collide

when 2+ traveling waves traveling through the same medium at the same time collide and pass through each other without being disturbed

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4
Q

Describe interference

A

happens when 2+ traveling waves collide

when the medium takes on a shape that results from the net effect of 2 individual sine waves upon particles of a medium

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5
Q

What are the 2 types of interference

A

constructive and destructive

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6
Q

Descibe constructive interference

A

sum of the waves; when waves collide they get added together

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7
Q

Describe deconstructive interference

A

cancelation of waves; when waves collide they cancel each other out

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8
Q

In traveling waves, if one end is secured do you get a reflection? Is there a phase change?

A

yes and yes

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9
Q

In traveling waves do the incident wave and reflected wave interfere contructively or destructively?

A

both

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10
Q

Describe a standing wave

A

both ends are secured
- like a guitar
waves keep reflecting off ends

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11
Q

When standing waves keep reflecting off ends, what is this called

A

Resonance

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12
Q

Natural frequencies of vibration refers to

A

resonances

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13
Q

What is the formula for the natural frequencies of vibration (resonances)

A

f=n times c/2L

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14
Q

In standing waves the driving frequencies have to = the __________ _________ or another name is the resonances

A

natural frequencies

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15
Q

What are Nodes?

A

nodes are the max destructive where there is no movement/ vobration and pressure is not changing

not the peaks, but the parts leading up to the peaks

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16
Q

What are Antinodes?

A

max constrictive
peaks

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17
Q

What types of harmonics do standing waves contain? Do standing waves contain the fundamental frequency?

A

even and odd; yes

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18
Q

Describe longitudinal standing waves

A

air in a tube, open at one end and closed at the other
nodes and antinodes
incident and reflected waves
constructive and destructive interference
contain the fund. freq. and ODD harmonics
there is no phase change in pressure wave at the closed end ONLY at the open end

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19
Q

Define Formants

A

natural frequencies of the vocal tract

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20
Q

Describe vocal tract filter theory and vocal tract filter transfer function. What is their relationship?

A

the curve/ spectral envelope describing which frequencies of the vocal tracts are natural frequencies and which get damped

the names are used interchangeably

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21
Q

What is the name for the spectral envelope that depicts the spectral shape of the natural frequencies of the vocal tract?

A

filter curve

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22
Q

Resonant frequency values for _____ are equally spaced. Other vowels have _________ spacing

A

schwa; irregular

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23
Q

If a source (e.g. vocal fold) stimulates/ drives a system (e.g. vocal tract) the what will the out spectrum for the sound that comes out of the mouth look like if the source is normal vocal fold vibration

A

spectrum amplify natural frequency of vocal tract, others are damped

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24
Q

If a source (e.g. vocal fold) stimulates/ drives a system (e.g. vocal tract) the what will the out spectrum for the sound that comes out of the mouth look like if the source is noise (e.g. whispering: where more noise comes from partially open vocal folds)

A

no longer fund. freq. and harmonics, continous noise spectrum

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25
If a source (e.g. vocal fold) stimulates/ drives a system (e.g. vocal tract) the what will the out spectrum for the sound that comes out of the mouth look like if vocal fold freq increases
spacing is bigger
26
If a source (e.g. vocal fold) stimulates/ drives a system (e.g. vocal tract) the what will the out spectrum for the sound that comes out of the mouth look like if vocal fold fund freq decreased
spacing is closer together
27
If a source (e.g. vocal fold) stimulates/ drives a system (e.g. vocal tract) the what will the out spectrum for the sound that comes out of the mouth look like if you change the shape of the vocal tract
spacing is irregular bc the filter is changed; looks diff bc it selects diff source freq closer to its own natural freq
28
Vocal tract resonances are _______ and _________ __________ of vibration of the vocal tract
formants; natural frequencies
29
Fundamental frequency= ________ ________ _________
vocal vold vibration; lowest freq
30
Harmonics= _____ and ______ multiples of the ___________ ________
even and odd; fundamental freq
31
Partials=
any freq there
32
Do you need fundamental freq for formants?
no
33
Describe Tongue height
the relative height of the tongue at the location of the major vocal tract constriction
34
What varies inversely to tongue height? the higher the tongue postion the lower the ___ the effect is much greater in _____ vowels than in ______ vowels
Formant 1; front; back
35
Describe tongue advancement
the relative frontness or backness of the major constriction
36
___ varies directly with tongue advancement the more forward the tongue the higher the ___
Formant 2
37
___ varies inversely with tongue advancement the more forward the tongue the lower the ___
formant 1
38
Increased lip rounding _______ all formant freq this affects ___ this effect is compounded by _______ _______ the _______ the tongue, the more __ lowers with lip rounding
decreases; formant 2; tongue height; higher; f2
39
Formant __ and formant __ are affected by articulatory configurations, but less so for formant __
1;2;3
40
vowel identity can usually be determined by formant __ and formant __
1;2
41
Describe the non uniqueness problem
same pattern of formants can sometimes be achieved by diffrent articulatory placements i.e. there is ambiguity in the articulatory configuration
42
Describe when a nasal murmur occurs
the velophayrngeal port is open oral port is closed
43
Nasal murmurs result in
low freq antiresonances higher formants have less energy than vowels
44
What causes antiresonances
closed spaces i.e closed oral cavity and sinuses
45
antiresonances: large enclosed spaces= _____ freq
low
46
antiresonances: small enclosed spaces= ______ freq
high
47
Anti resonances are sharply tunes meaning that that they have __________ bandwiths
narrow
48
Do antiresonances decrease or increase higher formants? by how much?
decrease by 1.6 dB
49
When does a nasal murmur happen?
velopharyngeal port is open and oral port is closed
50
What does a nasal murmur result in
lower freq resonance decreases energy at antiresonances decreased energy overall overall quieter that conjugate vowel
51
What is a nasometer?
baffles separate acoustic energy coming from mouth vs acoustic energy coming from the nose
52
What is the formula used to get nasalance score
An= An/An+Am
53
Is source filter theory for vowels straight forward?
yes
54
Describe source filter theory for vowels.
single tube quasiperiodic sound source formant freq are relativley low; wave lengths of resonance freq are much greater thantube diameter
55
Is source filter theory for consonants straight forward?
no
56
Describe source filter theory for consonants
multiple tubes sound source may not be located at end of tube source has much, or complete aperiodicity important freq may be quite high wavelength is less than tube diameter
57
Describe approximants
most vowel like of all the consonants
58
Is the word approximant approximate?
no
59
T/F: Approximants are sometimes called semivowels
false
60
What are semivowels
subcategories for approximants
61
With approximants do the articulators make contact
no they approach but do not make contact
62
Semivowel is synonymous to the word
glide
63
liquid is synonymous to the word
lateral
64
glide is synonymous to the word
semivowel
65
lateral is synonymous to the word
liquids
66
What are examples of semivowels/ glides
/w/ and /j/
67
What are examples of liquids/ laterals
/r/ and /l/
68
What are characteristics of approximants
the formant pattern durning "constriction interval" is relatively consistent across speakers
69
What is the key identifying feature of approximants
f3 transition pattern
70
What is the slope index for approximants
rise/run change in f3/ formant transition time change in Hz/ change in ms
71
What is the constriction interval
time interval during which there is constriction of the vocal tract to produce approximants
72
What is dynamic range
the ratio of the loudest sound to the quietest sound
73
What are the spectral moments of fricatives
central tendency: mean and peak freq variance: spread skewness: right/ left leaning kurtosis: degree of peakness
74
How do you differentiate stridents and nonstridents?
primarily by amplitude
75
Describe strident fricatives
long s and s loud primarily central tendency (peak freq) long s peaks around 2.5-3.5kHz s peaks around 4-6 kHz
76
Describe non stridents
f and theta quiet no acoustic cue
77
What are acoustical features of oral stops?
brief silence sound ceases due to obstruction aftermath release
78
Characteristics of oral stops
noise burst frication interval aspiration interval
79
What is voiced onset time
the time from the burst until onset of voicing
80
Describe voiced onset time for voiced stops
0-20ms; sometimes negative, <0ms
81
Describe voiced onset time for voiceless stops
40-80ms significantly longer VOT for voiceless stops
82
Describe the frication interval of oral stops
turbulent airflow due to proximity of articulator during the release of constriction its brief
83
Decsribe the aspiration interval of oral stops
practically indistinguishable from frication interval only present for voiceless stops even briefer than frication interval The difference is the source is the glottis NOT the oral constriction
84
How did Cooper,Liberman, and Borst test peoples perceptions of /b/, /d/, /g/?
the pattern playback tested listeners with random presentation, multiple presentation, and forced choice
85
What is the evidence of categorical perception
where stops change forced phoneme identification and discrimination
86
How do affricated differ from fricative
affircates have a stop period where youre stopping airflow complete constriction, then noise
87
What is the difference between affricates and stops
in stops, airflow is completely obstructed before relase 2x the frication time; an affricate is a single sound that begins as a stop and releases immediately into a fricative
88
Spectrogram depicts
frequency, amplitude, and time
89
what is on the x axis for spectrograms?
time
90
what is on the y axis of spectrograms
frequency
91
what is a wideband spectrum
300- 500 Hz bands better to visualize formant bands and aperiodic phonemes vertical lines are glottal pulses
92
What are narrow bands
45-50 Hz sized frequency bands allows visualization of F0 and harmonics harder to see formant bandwiths

CDIS 3475 Speech Science (2 decks)

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