Exam 3 Flashcards
1
Q
Lymphatics
Functions (3)
Location?
A
- Immune surveillance
- Absorb large molecules. e.g. fats in small intestine
- Reclaim fluids from interstitial space back into circulation
*location: throughout the body but not in bones, teeth, CNS
2
Q
Lymphatics
Tubes caring lymph (in order)- one way flow to heart
A
- Lymphatic capillaries
- Lymphatic vessels
- Lymphatic trunks
- Lymphatic ducts (two)
3
Q
Lymphatics: Tubes caring lymph (in order)- one way flow to heart
Lymphatic capillaries
A
-small, dead end tubes
-mini valves between walls cells let fluid in
–collagen filaments attach them to nearby tissue cells
-lacteals: lymph capillaries of small intestine that pick up the chyle
4
Q
Lymphatics: Tubes caring lymph (in order)- one way flow to heart
Lymphatic Vessels
A
-resemble veins with thin walls (but do have 3 tunics)
–have valves to ensure flow of lymph towards heart; flow aided by skeletal muscle pump and respiratory pump that enhance pressure gradient, flow also aided by arterial pulse, also aided by smooth muscle contraction in wall of lymph vessel
5
Q
Lymphatic capillaries: LACTEALS
A
lymph capillaries of small intestine that pick up the chyle
6
Q
what helps flow occur in lymphatic vessels
A
-have valves to ensure flow of lymph towards heart;
-flow aided by skeletal muscle pump and respiratory pump that enhance pressure gradient
-flow also aided by arterial pulse
-also aided by smooth muscle contraction in wall of lymph vessel
7
Q
Lymphatics: Tubes caring lymph (in order)- one way flow to heart
Lymphatic Trunks
A
-jugular, subclavian, brachiomediastinal lumbar, intestinal
8
Q
Lymphatics: Tubes caring lymph (in order)- one way flow to heart
Lymphatic Ducts (two)
A
a) thoracic duct (most of the bodies lymph)
-in front of vertebrae
-starts with cisterna chyli
b) right lymphatic duct (lymph from R head, R chest, R upper extremity
*both ducts drain into subclavian veins
9
Q
Lymphatic Ducts: Right Lymphatic Duct
A
(lymph from R head, R chest, R upper extremity
10
Q
Lymphatic Ducts
thoracic duct
(location, what does it begin with)
A
(most of the bodies lymph)
-in front of vertebrae
-starts with cisterna chyli
11
Q
Lymphatic Organs
Nodes
(where are they, fed and drained?, what type of tissue)
A
-concentrated in inguinal, cervical, axillary regions
-pea-sized
-hilum=indentation
–fed lymph by multiple different afferent vessels
–drained by few efferent vessels at hilum
-reticular connective with many lymphocytes, macrophages
-follicles produce b-cells that can become plasma cells that make antibodies
12
Q
nodes: Follicles produce…
A
follicles produce b-cells that can become plasma cells that make antibodies
13
Q
Lymphatic Organs
Spleen
A
-size of the heart (fist)
-on L side of the body
-hilum faces medially
-Red Pulp: RBC recycling iron storage, platelet storage
-White Pulp: Lymphocyte surveilling blood for pathogen
14
Q
Spleen
-Red Pulp
A
RBC recycling iron storage, platelet storage
15
Q
SPLEEN
White Pulp
A
Lymphocyte surveilling blood for pathogen
16
Q
Lymphatic Organs
Thymus
Location+ what does it do?
A
-Near Trachea+ Heart
-Larger in kids than seniors
-Helps development of immune cells
–Proliferation, specialization of T cells
17
Q
Lymphatic Organs
Tonsils
A
-MALT: Mucosa Associated lymphatic tissue
–MALT is also in the intestine wall and the appendix
-surround pharynx to surville air and food that come in; have crypt
–palatine tonsils: mouth
–pharyngeal (nasopharynx) tonsils: adenoids
–lingual tonsils: base of tongue
–tubal tonsils: near opening of auditory tube
18
Q
–palatine tonsils:
A
mouth
19
Q
–pharyngeal (nasopharynx) tonsils:
A
adenoids
20
Q
–lingual tonsils:
A
base of tongue
21
Q
–tubal tonsils:
A
near opening of auditory tube
22
Q
Respiratory Anatomy
External Nose
(what is the root, bridge, type of cartilages)
A
-root: frontal bone
-bridge: nasal bones
-cartilage: hyline
–septal cartilage
–lateral cartilage
–alar cartillage
23
Q
Respiratory Anatomy
Internal Nose
(whats the linings, what bones)
A
-External Nares: Nostril
-Vestibule: has vibrissae
-Nasal Septum: Midline
–Septal cartilage, vomer bone, ethmoid bone’s perpendicular plate
-nasal conchae: turbinates: superior, middle, inferior, help warm. moisten. filter
–superior, middle, inferior meatus
-lining: Pseudo stratified mucosa, olfactory mucosa (superior part of cavity)
-internal nares: posterior nasal aerture
24
Q
-lining:
a) in the nasal cavity
b) superior part of cavity
A
a)Pseudo Stratified mucosa
B) olfactory mucosa
25
Nasal Conchae (turbinates)
turbinates: superior, middle, inferior, help warm. moisten. filter
26
Respiratory Anatomy
Paranasal Sinuses
What are they, their names, their function
-cavities in skull bones lined w/ mucosa
-maxillary sinus, sphenoid, ethmoid, frontal
-Function: Lighten skull, voice resonance, warm+ moisten air
27
Respiratory Anatomy
Pharynx: Throat
Location+ what surrounds it?
-skull to C6
-surrounded by skeletal muscle
28
Respiratory Anatomy
Nasopharynx
Location, whats it for, what is it lined with, what is here
-above+behind palate
-for air
- pseudo stratified epithelial
-adenoids, tubal tonsils (auditory tubes opening) live here
29
Respiratory Anatomy
Oropharynx
location, whats it for, its lining, what is here
-From uvula to epiglottis
-for air+food so has stratified squamous
-home to palatine and linguinal tonsils
30
Respiratory Anatomy
Laryngopharynx
Loc and lining?
-Behind Larynx
-for air+ food so has stratified squamous lining
-continues inferiorly to esophagus
31
Larynx Extent (location)
c4-c6: between pharynx and trachea
32
Larynx cartilage
-made of hyaline cartalige
a) thyroid: anterior, laryngeal prominence
b) cricoid: ring at bottom of larynx
c) arytenoid: pyramid shaped on back of larynx, attached to vocal chord
d) corniculate: small cartilage pieces on top of arytenoids
elastic cartillage
e) epiglottis: cover opening to larynx when swallowing
33
epiglottis (cartilage)
cover opening to larynx when swallowing
*made of elastic cartilage
34
corniculate cartilage
small cartilage pieces on top of arytenoids
35
arytenoid cartilage
pyramid shaped on back of larynx, attached to vocal chord
36
cartilage
thyroid
anterior, laryngeal prominence
37
cartilage
cricoid
ring at bottom of larynx
38
Larynx
Vocal Folds
-true vocal cords
-glottis: vocal folds+ space between them
-ridges in larynx below vestibule
39
Larynx
Vestibular Folds
-False vocal cords
-Help close off airway when swallowing
40
Trachea location
between larynx and bronchi
41
Trachea inner wall
whats there + lining
Inner= musosa
-pseudo stratified ciliated epithelium
-lamina propria- loose connective t
42
Trachea Middle wall
-Trachea cartilage (Hyaline)
-Trachealis muscle (smooth muscle)
43
Trachea Outer wall
-adventitia
44
Trachea Carina
-ridge of cartilage and epithelium (sensory neuron rich) at bottom of trachea; helps start cough reflex
45
Bronchial Tree
Conducting Zone (Ventilating Zone) is the
The anatomical dead space
46
Bronchial Tree Conducting Zone (Ventilating Zone)
A) Primary Bronchi (2) R Primary Bronchus is wider and more vertically oriented than L primary bronchus
B) Secondary Bronchi (5): Lobar Bronchii 2 on left and 3 on right
C) Tertiary Bronchi: Segmental Bronchii
D) Many more splits
E) bronchioles: 1mm or smaller diameter
F) Terminal bronchiole: end of conducting zone (Have no alveoli)
47
Primary Bronchi
R Primary Bronchus is wider and more vertically oriented than L primary bronchus
(2)
48
Bronchial Tree Respiratory Zone
a) Respiratory Bronchioles
b) alveolar ducts
c) alveolar sacs: clumps of alveoli
d) alveoli/ alveolus= 1 bubble
i) type 1 cells- squamous
ii) type 2 cells- cuboidal, secrete surfacant
iii) macrophages: engulf foreign particles
49
type 1 cells:
types 2 cells
i) type 1 cells- squamous
ii) type 2 cells- cuboidal, secrete surfacant
50
Secondary Bronchii
Lobar Bronchii 2 on left and 3 on right
(5)
51
Gross Anatomy: Lungs
Each lung has
hilum+ pleurae
52
Gross Anatomy: Lungs
Hilum
Here does the indentation, base, and apex point/ faces to
roots are what and where
-indentation (faces medially)
-Apex: Points up
-Base- Faces interiorly
-Root- tubes (blood vessel, broncus) at hilum
53
Gross Anatomy: Lungs
Pleurae
-separate sac for each lung
-visceral pleurae: inner
+ pleural space/ cavity with fluid
-parietal pleura: superficial
54
Gross Anatomy: Lungs
Lobes In each lung
L lung has 2 lobes
R lung has 3 lobes
-lobes separated by fissures
55
Mechanics Of Breathing: Pressure relationships in the thoracic cavity
Intrapulmonary pressure is the pressure in the
-the lungs (the alveoli)
-Rises and falls during breathing but equalizes with atmospheric pressure
(If airway is open)
56
Mechanics Of Breathing: Pressure relationships in the thoracic cavity
Intraplueral pressure is the pressure in the
-the pleural cavity
-rises and falls with breathing but lower than the intrapulmonary pressure
-it varies inversely with chest volume
57
What is pulmonary ventilation
INSPIRATION AND EXPIRATION
-a mechanical process causing gas flow in and out of the lungs according to volume changes in the thoracic cavity
58
Boyles Law States
pressure is inversely related to volume in a closed container
59
During Quiet Inspiration...
-Diaphragm and external intercostals contract
-causes increased chest volume so chest pressure decreases and air flows in
60
During Forced Inspiration
-Also contracts sterenocleidomastoid muscle and scalane muscles and pec. minor muscles
-increases chest volume further so more air flows into lungs
61
Quiet expiration is a _ process
passive
62
Quiet expiration relies on
-eslastic recoil of chest muscles and lung tissue decreases thoracic volume
-pressure increases so air flows out
63
Forced expiration is an _ process
active
64
Forced expiration
what intercostals contract?
-internal intercostals contract
-abdomincal muscles contract and push abdominal organs toward chest so chest volume decreases and pressure increases: air flows out
65
Airway resistance is the _ encountered by air in the airway; gas flow is _ as airway resistance increases
Friction
Decreased
66
Alveolar surface tension due to water in the alveoli...
-draws alveolar walls closer together
-makes inspiration tougher
-surfactant lowers surface tension; premature babies don't make enough surfacant
67
lung complience is determined by
3
distendability of lung tissue and the surrounding thoracic cage, and alveolar surface tension
68
it is important for lung complience to be ___...
HIGH. for lung inflation during inspiration
69
Tidal Volume
The amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs during each relaxed breath
70
The inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) is
the amount of air that can be inspired above TV
71
The expiratory reserve volume (ERV) is
The amount of air that can be expired beyond TV
72
Residual Volume (RV) is the amount of air
remaining in the lungs after forced expiration
73
Inspiratory Capacity (IC) is the sum of
max amount of air someone can take in after a tidal inhalation TV+IRV
74
Vital Capacity is
Its equation
The total amount of exchangeable air
VC=IRV+TV+ERV
75
The Total lung capacity is
Equation
the sum of all lung volumes
TLC= Vital capacity+ Residual Volume
76
The anatomical dead space is the
volume of the conducting zones- External nares to terminal bronchioles
77
Anatomical dead space (in terms of gas exchange)
-does not contribute to gas exchange: It has no alveoli
78
Alveolar ventilation rate (AVR) equals
respiratory rate times (tidal volume minus dead space)
AVR= RR* (TV-DS)
79
Pulmonary Function tests evaluate
respiratory function using a spirometer to distinguish between obstructive (blockage-cant ventilate quickly) and restrictive (lungs can't expand for full inspiraton) pulmonary disorders
80
Obstructive Pulmonary Disorders
Blockage: Can't ventilate Quickly
81
Restrictive pulmonary disorders
lungs cant expand for full inspirartation
82
Spirometer shows decreased vital capacity with ____
Restrictive Disorders (e.g. fibrosis from TB, scoliosis, obesity)
83
Obstuctive disorders are best measured with
Flow meters:
Decreased flow with increased resistancem (e.g. bronchitis, asthma, enphysema)
84
External Respiration Involves
Pulmonary gas exchange
85
External Expiration Involves
O2 loading of blood in pulmonary capillaries when CO2 is being unloaded
86
A steep partial pressure gradient exists between blood in the pulmonary arteries and the alveoli, and O2 diffused rapidly from
O2 in alveolar air towards blood in the pulmonary capillaries (CO2 goes in the other direction)
87
Ventilation-Profusion Coupling ensures a close match between the amount of
if O2 levels in the air are high:
O2 levels are low:
Fresh air and blood going into a section of the lung
-e.g. if O2 levels in the air are high: dialate pulmonary arterioles
-if O2 levels are low: Constrict pulmonary arterioles
88
The respiratory membrane is usually
-very thin to allow for easy diffusion
-has large surface area
89
Internal Respiration Involves
Capillary Gas exchange in the body tissues
90
Internal Respiration
1. The diffusion Gradients for oxygen and carbon dioxide are reversed from those for external respiration and pulmonary gas exchange
2. The partial pressure of oxygen in body tissues is lower than it is in blood and so O2 diffuses out of the blood (it is "unloaded") to body tissue cells
91
Oxygen Transport
Since molecular oxygen is poorly soluable in water, it needs help to be transported through the blood
-only 1.5% Of the O2 disolves in plasma
-98.5% of O2 binds to hemoglobin
92
How many O2 molecules can be bound to hemoglobin
Up to four oxygen molecules can be reversibly bound to a molecule of hemoglobin-one oxygen on each iron
93
The affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen changes with each sucessive oxgen that is bound or released so that
-when more O2 is bound, Hb has more affinity to O2
-when less O2 is bound, Hb affinity for O2 is low
-makes loading and unloading efficient
94
What happens to the amount of oxygen Hb unloads when...
There are high partial plasma pressures of oxygen:
When plasma pressure drops dramatically (eg vigorous excersise):
There are high partial plasma pressures of oxygen: Hb unloads little oxygen
When plasma pressure drops dramatically (eg vigorous excersise): more more oxygen can be unloaded
95
Temperature, blood pH, PCO2 influence hB affinity ("grip on o2") for oxygen
-high T, high CO2 and low pH lower hB affinity for O2
96
Carbon Dioxide is transported in blood in three ways
-7% of CO2 dissolves in plasma
-23% of CO2 binds to hB
-70% of CO2 is converted by carbonic anhydrase into carbonic acid which gives rise to bicarbonate ions
97
the haldane effect encourages CO2 exchange between lungs and tissues
-when O2 is low Hb easily binds CO2 but when O2 high Hb releases CO2 easily
98
the carbonic acid bicarbonate buffer system of the blood is formed when
carbonic anhyrase is present and it catalyzes combination of CO2 and H2O
99
Neural Mechanisms and Breathing rhythm
normal RR
15breaths/min
100
The medulla oblongata contains respiratory control areas called
VRG, DRG
101
Respiratory control areas
VRG of medulla
-front
-generates rhythm of breathing
-its inspiratory neurons excite cervical motor neurons (C3-C5) that are attached to phrenic nerve to diaphragm
102
DRG of medulla
what does it get input from
-posterior
-influence activity in the VRG
-get input from peripheral proprioceptors and other brain areas as well as chemoreceptors
103
The pontine respitatory group (within the pons) provide....By modifying...
provide fine tuning of respiratory patterns (e.g. when speaking) by modifying activity of medullary respiratory neurons
104
The pontine respiratory group
-recieves PNS and CNS inputs during speech and excersise
-Influences DRG and VRG of medulla to smooth inspiration and expiration transitions
105
Factors influencing breathing rate and depth
Influence of higher brain centers
-the limbic system, strong emotions, pain activate the hypothalamus, which mods rr and depth
-the cerebral cortex can exert voulentary control over respiration by bypassing the medulary centers and directly stimulating the respiratory centers
106
Chemical Factors influencing breathing rate and depth
what are the strongest stimuli influencing respiration
-plasma and cerebrospinal fluid levels of pCO2
107
Chemical Factors influencing breathing rate and depth
Evevated pCO2
=hypercapnia= lowers pH
108
Chemical factors influencing breathing rate and depth
(what detects)
-central chemoreceptors in brainstem excite the respiratory neurons nearby
-peripheral chemoreceptors in aorta+ carotid also sensitive to chemistry (including decreased O2)
109
blood PCO2 affects breathing ___ through___
affects breathing indirectly through peripheral chemoreceptors
110
peripheral chemoreceptors monitor
plasma Po2 and stimulate an increase in ventilation when PO2 drops below 60mmHg
111
as arterial pH declines.. the respiratory system attempts to compensate by
-causing an increase in rate and depth of breathing
-then increase in ventilation brings PCO2 and PH back to normal
112
Respiratory adjustments during exercise
during vigorous exercise, deeper and more vigorous respirations, called ___, ensure that....
hyperpnea ensure that tissue demands for oxygen are being met
113
three neural factors contribute to the change of respiration with exercise
-conscious anticipation
-motor cortex and muscle proprioceptors excites brainstem respiratory neurons
114
homeostatic imbalances of the respiratory system
COPD causes
Emphysema
Bronchitis
-cause dyspnea; increases infections
1. emphysema: alveoli breakdown
2. bronchitis: bronchial mucosa inflamed
115
asthma is characterized by...
-coughing, dyspnea, wheezing, and chest tightness brought on by active inflammation of the airways
-sporadically obstructive
-environmental+ genetic risk factors
116
TB is an infecious disease caused by....
-the bacterium Mycobaterium TB and spread by coughing and inhalation
-causes fibourus nodules in lungs
-restrictive
117
Two main groups of the digestive system organs
alimentary canal and accessory organs
118
Alimentary canal or GI tract
-mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
119
accessory digestive organs aid digestion but are not
the tubes that food passes through
120
Accessory Digestive Organs
(3 are in mouth)
-teeth, tongue, salivary gland, pancreas, liver, gallbladder
121
6 Steps of digestion
1. Ingestion
2. Propulsion
3. Mechanical Breakdown
4. Chemical Digestion
5. Absorption
6. Defecation
122
1. Ingestion
-put food in mouth
123
2. Propulsion
-Swallowing by skeletal muscle
-Peristalsis by smooth muscle
124
3. Mechanical Breakdown
-Chewing
-Swallowing
-Segmention
125
4. Chemical Digestion
-hydrolysis: add water+enzyme to split large molecule
126
5. Absorption
-Takes small molecules into blood or lymph
127
6. Defecation
-Elimination of solid waste
128
Digestive Activity within the small intestine is triggered by
mechanical and chemical stimuli
129
Controls of digestive activity are both extrinsic and intrinsic
Extrinsic: Long reflexes, involve neurons and glands outside of the GI tract
Intrinsic: short reflexes occurring within the GI tract
130
Peritoneum
Visceral vs parietal
sheets of membrane w fluid that reduce friction
visceral=inner
parietal=outer
131
Mesentery is a _ That_
mesentery is a double layer of peritoneum that suspends organs and blood vessels
132
Retroperitoneal
sits behind the parietal peritoneum
133
Histology Of the Alimentary Canal
Muscosa
What is it? its function and what is there?
slick, inner lining
function: Absorption, mucus secretion, protection, hormone secretion
epithelial layer, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa
134
Mucosa: Epithelial Layer (lining)
-mostly simple columnar but is stratified squamous in mouth and anus (top+bottom)
135
Muscosa: Lamina Propria
Loose C.T.
136
Muscosa: Muscularis Mucosa
what type of m?
smooth m. to cause inner lining
137
Histology Of the Alimentary Canal
Submucosa (3)
-connective tissue
-submucosal glands
-sibmucosal plexus: network of neurons
138
Histology Of the Alimentary Canal
Muscularis Externa
function+whats there
Function: segmentation and peristalsis
-thick layer of smooth M
--Circular layer (inner)
--longitudinal layer (outer)
-mesenteric plexus or neurons
139
Histology Of the Alimentary Canal
Serosa
other name+ function
-visceral peritoneum
-hold things together while lowering friction
140
Mouth
1. another name
2. what is it between
3. lining?
-Buccal cavity
-vestibule: between gums+ lips and cheeks
-lined by stratified squamous
141
Lips: Labia
-red margins
-skin orbicularis oris m.
-labial frenula connects lips to gums
142
Cheeks
-musocsa
-buccinator m.
-skin covering
143
Palate
Roof of mouth
-hard palate+ soft palate
144
Hard palate
-bony: anterior
-palatine process of maxillae
-palatine bones
145
Soft Palate
-posterior
-mucosa w skeletal m.
-uvula
-palatoglossal arch, fauces, palato-pharageal arch
146
TONGUE
-mostly skeletal M.
-intrinsic and extrinsic
-lingual frenulum connects to floor of mouth
PAPILLAE: Filiform=smallest
House taste buds:
fungiform
foliate
circumvallate: big row at back of tongue (in front of terminal sulcus)
147
Salivary gland function
Make and secrete saliva
-moisten food
-cleanse mouth
-break down complex carbs
148
Extrinsic Glands
Parotid g.
-Near ear
-Duct opens near upper 2nd molar
149
Extrinsic Glands
sublingual gland
-under tongue
150
Extrinsic Glands
submandibular g.
-under jaw
-duct opens to lingual frenulum
151
Extrinsic Glands (3)
-submandibular
-sublingual
-parotid
152
intrinsic gland
Salivary Gland
-small, numerous glands in mouth
153
Teeth= Dentitions
a) decidous
-baby teeth
-20 total
-erupt by 3yr, lost 6-12 yr
154
Teeth= Dentitions
b) permanent
-32 (28+ 4 wisdom)
-start coming in at 6yr
155
Teeth= Dentitions
c) classes of teeth (4)
1. inscisors (8) chisels
2. canines (4) fangs for tearing
3. premolars (8) grind teeth
4. molars (12) grind teeth (include wisdom: 3rd molars)
156
Tooth structure
1. Crown
-visible portion
-enamel cover
-Ca++ Rich
157
Tooth structure
2. Neck
-Constriction
-Surrounded by gums
158
Tooth structure
3. Root
-embedded in jaw bone connected by periodontal ligaments
-cementum covering
-1-4 roots
159
Tooth structure
4. Tissues
-enamal, dentin, cementum care ca++ rich, hard
-pulp is blood vessels+ nerves
160
Pharynx
-oropharynx+ laryngopharyx
-lines with stratified squamous
-wall contains skeletal m.
161
esophagus
lined
type of m. in sup and inf
lined w stratified squam
-tube from throat to stomach
-lined w stratified squamous
-superior part has mostly skeletal m in wall
-inferior part has mostly smooth ,
162
stomach
a) Regions
-cardia: near cardiac/ gastroesophageal sphincter
-fundus: dome
-body: main part
-pyloric region: has valve (sphincter) at exit
163
stomach regions
carida
near cardiac/ gastroespohageal sphincter
164
stomach regions
fundus
dome
165
stomach regioms
body
main part
166
stomach regions
pyloric region
has valve (sphincter) at exit
167
stomach
b) surface curves
-greater curvature: convex L+down
--greater omentum: mesentary off greater curvature
-lessercurvature: concave R+ UP
--lesser omentum: mesentrary off lesser curvature (toward liver)
168
stomach surface. curves
greater curvature:
greater omentum
curvature: convex L+ down
omentum: mesentary off greater curvature
169
stomach surface
lesser curvature
lesser omentum
curvature: concave R+ up
omentum: mesentary off lesser curvature (toward liver)
170
stomach
c) rugae
-ridges of mucosa folds within empty stomach
171
stomach
d) microscopic anatomy
lining + glands?
-simple columnar epithelial lining
-gastric glands (deep to pits) secrete gastric juice
172
stomach
e) physiological processes
-gastrin stimulates parietal cells to secrete HCL
-cheif cells secrete pepsinogen which will become pepsin inside stomachs lumen
-secrete intrinsic factor for vitamin B12
-churning: mechanical breakdown of food
173
stomach
e) physiological processes
gastrin stimulates
parital cells to secrete HCL
174
stomach
e) physiological processes
cheif cells secrete
pepsinogen which will become pepsin inside stomachs lumen
175
stomach
e) physiological processes
secretes instrinsic factor for
vitamin b12
176
stomach
e) physiological processes
churning
mechanical breakdown of food
177
small intestine
a) functions
-segmentation+chemical digestion+absorption of nutrients
-release CCK in response to arrival of fatty foods
-CCK stimulates gallbladder+ pancrease to secrete chemicals into small intestin
178
small intestine
b) divisions
1) Duodenum: recieves hepatopancreatic ampulla of major papilla
2) jejunum
3) ilium: ends at iliocecal valve
179
small intestine
c) features that increase surface area
-circular folds- 1cm tall
-villi- 1mm tall
-microvilli- 1 um tall
180
Liver
4 lobes: R lobe (largest), L lobe, quadrate lobe, caudate lobe
-falciform ligament: anterior
-round ligamnt (teres): scar of umbilical V
181
Gall bladder
where is it+ what goes after it lol
-back of livers R lobe
-gallbladder-> cystic duct-> common bile duct->hepatopancreatic ampulla-> sends bile into deuodemum when CCK is present
182
Pancreas
-is a retroperitoneal accessory gland
-has a main pancreatic duct
-pancreatic juice; basic PH, many ezymes
-also makes hormones (eg insulin)
183
Large intestine aborbs __ from food and ___feces
also absorbs
absorbs water from food and eliminates feces
-also absorbs some B vitamins and + Vitamin K
184
Large intestine segments
-cecum
-ascending colon-> R hepatic flexture
-transverse colon-> L splenic flexture
-decending colon
-sigmoid colon
-rectum
-anal canal- anal sphincter; external sphincter is skeletal m.
-tenia coli- smooth m. -> haustra
185
Chemical Digestion is
catabolism to make food molecules small enough for absorption
186
Catabolism is acomplished by
-hydrolysis: splitting with water (reactant)
-breaks a polymer into monomers by adding water using an enzyme
187
Carbohydrates
Monosachharides
simple sugars (eg glucose and fructose) directly absorbed
-no digestion needed
188
Carbohydrates
Disacharides: which will be
-Broken down+ products are absorbed
189
Carbohydrates
Starch is a
-digestable polysacharide
-broken down by amalayse
(cellulose is a non-degestible polysach)
190
chem digestion begins in the__ with\
resumes in the
begins in the mouth with salivary amylase
-resumes in the small intestine with pancreatic amylase and with brush border enzymes such as lactase
191
proteins come from
-food but also digestive secretions in the tract
192
pepsin
what is it secreted by
-is secreted by chief cells in the stomach as pepsinogen
-pepsinogen becomes pepsin in stomach lumen
193
Pancreatic enzymes:
trypsin and chymotrypsin
-released as inactive precursors that are activated in duodenum; break peptides down
194
Brush Border Enzymes
-carboxypeptidase, aminopepsidase, dipepsidase
-break down small peptides so that amino acids can be absorbed
195
Lipids are
elumsified and digested
196
bile emulsifies lipid glob
-reduces attrations between the lipids within the glob
-disperses globs into droplets
197
lipase chemically digests lipids
chem equation
H2O+tryglycerides----lipase---->monoglyceride+ 2 F.A.
198
Nucleic Acids (both DNA and RNA) are hydrolyzed to their
nucleotide monomers by pancreatic nucleases from pancreatic juice
-brush border nucleases finish digestion
199
absorption occurs throughout the
small intestine but most is completed before chyme reaches the ilium
200
Absorption of specific nutrients
Glucose
absorbed by ___ into___ ___ exports by
-glucose is absorbed by secondary active transport into epitheliel cell of intestine lining; the cell exports the glucose by facilitated diffusion
201
Absorption of specific nutrients
Amino Acids
-are absorbed by secondary active transport
-the cell exports the a.a. by facilitated diffusion
202
Absorption of specific nutrients
Monoglyerides and free fatty acids combine with other molecules to form..
exocytosis removes...
-Micelles (fats+bile)
-Lipids of micelles diffuse passivly into cell
-exocytosis removes chylomicrons to go into lymph of lacteals
203
the small intestine absorbs...
the large intestine absorbs...
small: dietary vitamins
large: vitamin B and K
204
electrolytes are actively absorbed throughout.... except for
the entire small intestine
except for calcium and iron which are absorbed in the duodenum
205
Most abundent substance in chyme
-Water: 95% of it is absorbed in the small intestine by osmosis
206
Malabsorption of nutrients can result from anything that
interferes with delievery of bile or pancreatic juices, as well as factors that damage intestinal mucosa
-
207
dz causing poor absorption
celiac
