Exam 5 Flashcards
(66 cards)
1
Q
Gonads
A
-Primary sex organs
-Make gametes
-Males: Testes
-Females: Ovaries
2
Q
Accessory reproductive organs
A
glands, ducts, genitals
3
Q
Perineum
A
-diamond-shaped region
-pubic symphysis, coccyx, ischial tuberosities
4
Q
Scrotum (3)
A
- Skin
- Dartos M. smooth muscle, wrinkling scrotum
- cremaster M. Skeletal m: external abdominal m., elevate testes, continuation
5
Q
Dartos M.
A
smooth muscle, wrinkling scrotum
6
Q
cremaster M.
A
Skeletal m: external abdominal m., elevate testes, continuation
7
Q
Testes
Coatings
A
-Tunica Albugenia
-White fibrous tissue at surface of testes
8
Q
Testes
interstitial cells of leydig
A
-between tubules
-make testosterone
9
Q
Testes
seminiferous tubules
A
-hundreds per testes
-septa divide testes into lobules
-function: make sperm
10
Q
tubulus rectes
A
-straight tubules: drain seminiferous tubules
11
Q
rete testes
A
-network of tubules posterior to straight tubules
12
Q
DUCTS (4)
A
- epidydimis
- vas (ductus) deferes
- ejaculatory duct
- urethra
13
Q
- epidydimis
A
sperm storage+maturation
head, body, tail (inferior)
14
Q
- vas (ductus) deferes
A
-travels within spermatic cord
-ends in ampulla (thickening behind bladder)
-lots of smooth m. in wall
15
Q
- ejaculatory ducts
A
-tubes in posterior prostate gland that receieve sperm from vas deferens+ secretions from seminal vesicles
16
Q
urethra
A
- Prostatic urethra
- (penile) spongy urethra
- membranous urethra
17
Q
Glands
A
- Seminal Vesicle
- Prostate Gland
- Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) Gland
18
Q
Seminal Vesicles
A
-pinky-sized glands on posterior bladder
-60% of semen volume comes from them
-secrete fructose: basic pH
19
Q
Prostate Gland
A
-chestnut-sized
-33% of semen volume; enzymes for sperm activation; semen liquidification
20
Q
Bulbourethral (Bowman’s) Gland
A
-pre-ejaculating fluid; clear mucus
-make pH of male urethra neutral (secretes an alkaline fluid)
-lubricate penis tip
21
Q
Penis
Sections
A
-root: base
-shaft: Body
-glans: head
22
Q
prepuce
A
-hood
-foreskin surrounding glans
23
Q
erectile tissue
A
A) Corpus Spongiosum- erectile tissue surrounding urethra and within glans
B) Corpus Cavernosum-paired erectile bodies in roof and shaft
24
Q
Corpus Cavernosum-
A
paired erectile bodies in roof and shaft
25
Corpus Spongiosum
erectile tissue surrounding urethra and within glans
26
Male Sexual Response
Erection
-blood fills erectile tissues
-dilates arterioles, compressing venules
-parasympathetic n.s.
27
Male sexual response
ejaculation
-sympathetic n.s.
-propulsion of semen from ducts
28
spermatogensis
-happens in seminiferous tubules of testes
-production of sperm
29
meiosis consists of
-2 consecrative divisions
-produce 4 haploid (23), single stranded chromosomes
30
Meiosis 1
-cut # of chromosomes in half
-homologous chromosomes separated
31
Meiosis 2
-chromosomes split into single-stranded chromosomes
32
Summary of events in the seminiferous tubules
1) spermatogensis begins
when spermatogonia divide mitotically producing an A spematagonium (keeps doing mitosis) and a B spermatogonium that develops into a primary spermatocyte
33
Summary of events in the seminiferous tubules
2. Primary spermatocyte undergoes
Meiosis 1
-Producing 2 haploid secondary spermatocytes
34
Summary of events in the seminiferous tubules
3. Secondary spermatocytes undergo
Meiosis 2 forming 4 spermatids
35
Summary of events in the seminiferous tubules
4. Spermiogensis
-spermatids develop into spermatazoa
-sperm have a head (nucleas acrosome), midpeice (mitochondria), tail (flagellum)
36
Summary of events in the seminiferous tubules
5. Sustentacular cells
-Secrete ABP that binds testosterone in testes
-secrete inhibition: when sperm # is high, inhibin secretion increases , decreasing FSH release
-move spermatogenic cells towards lumen
-form blood-testes barrier
37
Hormonal Regulation of Male repro function
1. Brain testicular axis
-hypothalamus-pituitary g.-gonad
38
Hormonal Regulation of Male repro function
1. Brain testicular axis
hypothalamus
-releases GnRH
39
Hormonal Regulation of Male repro function
1. Brain testicular axis
anterior pituitary gland
-Releases
LH: stimulate interstitial cells to make T
FSH: stimulat sustentacular cells to make ABP
40
Hormonal Regulation of Male repro function
1. Brain testicular axis
testes
-testosterone stimulates spermatogenesis
41
Hormonal Regulation of Male repro function
1. Mechanisms and effects of testosterone activity
testosterone in synthesized from
-cholesterol
-it triggers gene expression in targets
42
Hormonal Regulation of Male repro function
1. Mechanisms and effects of testosterone activity
testosterone targets
-cause growth+maintience of accessory sexual organs
-secondary sex characteristics, libido
-stimulate spermatogensis
-inhibits hypothalamus, anterior pituitary from releasing GnRH, LH
43
Female Repro Organs
1. Ovaries
1 degree sex organs- contains folicles
-each follicle has one egg cell, many support cells
44
Female Repro Organs
a. Ovaries
1. supports
-supensory ligament surrounds blood vessels: lateral, superior
-broad ligament: wide sheet of peritoneum in pelvic cavity
-ovarian ligament: medial to uterus
45
Female Repro Organs
b. ducts
1. Fallopian tubes= uterine tubes=oviducts
a) fimbriae: fringe at end
b) infundibulum: funnel
c) ampulla: wide
d) isthmus: narrow
46
Female Repro Organs
b. ducts
2. Uterus
a) regions: fundus, body, isthmus, cervix
b) wall: endometrium: simple columnar
myometrium: smooth m.
perimetrium: perineum
c) supports: round ligaments, muscles of pelvic floor
47
Female Repro Organs
b. ducts
3.vagina
-birth canal
-fornix: superior arch
-mucosa with rugae; stratified squamous
-hymen
48
external genitalia= vulva
-mons pubis
-labia majora: lateral folds, hairy skin
-labia minora: medial folds, hairless skin
-vestibule
-clitoris-erectile
-urethral+vaginal orifice
49
breasts
1. mammary gland: alveolar shape
2. supensatory ligament: to pec major m.
3. nipples: opening to lacriferous ducts (sinuses are behind opening)
4. aerolas: sebaceous glands
50
Female Reproductive Physiology
A. Oogenesis
-production of female gametes
51
Female Reproductive Physiology
A. Oogenesis
1. Egg supply, egg production
-production starts with mitosis in fetal life-> many oogenia
52
Female Reproductive Physiology
A. Oogenesis
2. In the fetal period
-oogenia become primary oocytes stored in primordial folicles
53
Female Reproductive Physiology
A. Oogenesis
3. After puberty until menopause
-a few oocytes per month are activated to resume Mieosis I, follicles become primary follicles
-only one (dominant) follicle finishes m1 each month so that one 2 degree oocytes is ovulated
-2 degree oocytes start M2 but stops midway unless contacted by a sperm cell
54
Female Reproductive Physiology
B. The ovarian cycle
changes in ovary within a month
55
Female Reproductive Physiology
B. The ovarian cycle
1. The follicular phase
-Days 1-14, dominant follicles grow and matures
56
Female Reproductive Physiology
B. The ovarian cycle
2. Ovulation
-On day 14
-rupture of follicle, 2 degree oocyte released
57
Female Reproductive Physiology
B. The ovarian cycle
3. The luteal phase
-day15-28
Corpus luteum secretes hormones
58
Hormonal Regulation of the ovarian cycle
a. during childhood
-ovaries grow and secrete small amount of estrogen
-puberty: change in GnRH
59
Hormonal Regulation of the ovarian cycle
b.
-increase GnRH: Increase LH and FSH
-FSH: stimulates follicle growth+estrogen release
-generally estrogen inhibits LH, FSH, and progesterone
-but... near day 13 estrogen levels hit a threshold that trigger GnRH, FSH, LH release
-LH surge triggers ovulation
-corpus luteum secretes progesterone+estrogen
-if no pregnancy then corpus luteum degenerates: E+P Levels fall
60
The Uterine (menstural) cycle
changes in endometrium over a month as determined by ovarian hormones
61
The Menstural Phase
-Days 1-5 menstural flow
-Sheeding of menstural fluid: functional layer of endometrium
62
The proliferation phase
-Days 6-14:
lining is rebuilt
increase blood vessels and glands
63
The secretory phase
-Days 15-28: endometrim secretes glycogen+other chemicals for embryo implantation
64
Effects of Estrogen
-Promote Follicle Growth
-Growth+maintenence of reproductive organs
-bone growth+ also closure of growth plates
-secondary sex characteristics
-breast, hips, pubic, and axillary hair
-
65
Effects of Progesterone
-Promotes pregnancy
--makes cervical mucus thicker
66
Female Sexual Response
1.Clitoris, vaginal musosa, breasts become engorged in blood
2. nipples errect
3. vestibular glands increase in activity
4. orgasm: sympathetic n.s. activity
5. adrenal steroid (DHEA) implicated in female libido
