Exam 3

Question 1

How do bacteria divide?

Answer 1

Binary fission
With no equal life and the reproduction is clonal

Question 2

What is formed to divide the cell into two cells?

Answer 2

Septum

Question 3

How many chromosomes does eukaryotes usually have?

Answer 3

10-50

Question 4

How many chromosomes does humans have?

Answer 4

46 chromosomes in 23 nearly identical pairs

Question 5

What is a karyotype?

Answer 5

Particular array of chromosomes in an individual organism

Question 6

Are humans diploid or haploid?

Answer 6

Diploid, because we have two complete sets of chromosomes
46 chromosomes

Question 7

What does haploid mean?

Answer 7

One set of chromosomes
23 chromosomes

Question 8

What’s a homologous pair?

Answer 8

Having a pair of each chromosome

Question 9

WHAT ARE THE INTERPHASE FUNCTIONS?

Answer 9

NormalDoctorP
Normal functions
DNA replication
organelle duplication
Cell growth
Transcription
Obtain nutrients
Respiration
Prepare

Question 10

What is the eukaryotic cell cycle?

Answer 10

1. G1 phase
2. S phase
   3.G2 phase
   4.M- mitosis
   5.C- Cytokensis

Question 11

What is the parts of the interphase?

Answer 11

G1- cell growth
S-replication of dna
G2-centrioles replicate

Question 12

Three checkpoints of the cell cycle

Answer 12

1. G1/S checkpoint- decides if the cell has everything needed to divide
   2.G2/M checkpoint- assesses success of dna replication
   3.late metaphase (spindle) checkpoint- ensures that all chromosomes are attached to the spindle

Question 13

What happens during mitosis

Answer 13

1. DNA condenses
2. Paired centrosomes move to the opposite poles of the celll
3. Spindle fibers connect to chromosomes
4. Nuclear membrane breaks down and nucleus dissolves

Question 14

What are the 5 phases of Mitsosis

Answer 14

1.prophase
2.prometaphase
3.metaphase
4.anaphase
5.telophasee

Question 15

What’s the role of p53 gene?

Answer 15

Key role in G1 checkpoint
Monitors integrity of DNA
Prevent the development of man mutated cells

Question 16

What is cancer?

Answer 16

Unrestrained, uncontrolled growth of the cell

Question 17

What kinda of genes disturb the cell cycle when they are mutated?

Answer 17

1.Tumor- suppressor genes: uncontrolled division
2.Proto-oncogenes- genes that are known to cause cancer when mutated

Question 18

What is a silent mutation

Answer 18

A base changes but the resulting amino acid is the same

Question 19

What is a duplication mutation?

Answer 19

DNA sections are repeated

Question 20

What is nonsense mutation?

Answer 20

A codon is changed to a STOP codon

Question 21

What is frameshift mutation?

Answer 21

A base is either added or removed which causes a shift in the reading frame

Question 22

What is misssense mutation

Answer 22

Substitute one base for another

Question 23

What are telomeres

Answer 23

The cap at the end of each dna strand that protect our chromosomes

Question 24

How does telomeres work?

Answer 24

They get shorter each time a cell copies itself
They eventually get to short to function causing our cells to age and stop working

Question 25

What is the generalized equation for photosynthesis

Answer 25

6C02+12H2O+LIGHT=C6H12O6+6H2O+6O2

Question 26

What organisms carry out oxygenic photosynthesis

Answer 26

CYANOBACTERIA SEVEN GROUPS OF ALGAE ALL LAND PLANTS

Question 27

What are the stages of photosynthesis?

Answer 27

Light dependent reactions 1. Capture energy from the sun 2. Make atp and reduce NADP+ TO NADPH 3.synthesize organic molecules from CO2

Question 28

WHAT is the storm in chloroplast?

Answer 28

Semiliquid surround thylakoid mebranes

Question 29

How do cells build carbohydrates?

Answer 29

Energy Reduction potential

Question 30

Electron transport

Question 31

What are the three phases of the Calvin cycle?

Answer 31

1. Carbon fixation 2.reduction 3. Regeneration of RuBP

Question 32

What is the energy cycle?

Answer 32

Photosynthesis uses the products of respiration as starting substrates. Respiration uses the products of photosynthesis as starting substrates.

Question 33

Compare C4 and CAM

Answer 33

Both uses C3 and C4 pathways C4- two pathways occur in different cells CAM- uses C4 pathway at night and C3 pathway during the day

Question 34

Absorption spectrum

Answer 34

The range and efficiency of photons a molecule is capable of absorbing

Question 35

When a photon strikes a molecule what’s happens to the energy

Answer 35

It’s reflected Lost as heat Or absorbed by the electrons of the molecule

Question 36

What type of pigments are used in green plants?

Answer 36

Chlorophylls Carotenoids

Question 37

What are the two chlorophyll types

Answer 37

Chlorophyll a- the main pigment in plants and Cyanobacteria Absorbs violet blue and red light Chlorophyll b-absorbs wave lengths that chlorophyll a doesn’t Absorbs blue and red yellow light

Question 38

What does photosystem II do?

Answer 38

Passes electrons to the plastocyanin Proton pump embedded in the thylakoid membrane

Question 39

What does photosystem 1 do?

Answer 39

Accepts an electron from plastocyanin

Question 40

What does photosystem 1 do?

Answer 40

Accepts an electron from plastocyanin

Question 41

What does chemiosmosis do

Answer 41

Allows protons back into the stroma

Question 42

What is the output of the Calvin cycle

Answer 42

Uses to form sucrose Used to make starch

Question 43

What are the two enzymatic activities of rubisco

Answer 43

Carboxylation Photorespiration

Question 44

What are examples of c4 plants?

Answer 44

Corn, sugarcane, and a number of grasses

Question 45

What are examples of CAM plants?

Answer 45

Succulent(water storing plants) Cacti, pineapples

Question 46

What are kinetochores for?

Answer 46

Allows he spindle fibers to connect

Question 47

What are the 4 major steps of prophase?

Answer 47

Nuclear envelope dissolves, spindles start to form, DNA condenses and centromeres move toward poles

Question 48

What happens in anaphase?

Answer 48

The cell elongates

Question 49

When does crossing over begin

Answer 49

During the prophase 1 of meiosis 1

Question 50

What are sister chromatids?

Answer 50

Each arm of an x is a copy of the same parental chromosome

Question 51

When is x shaped chromosomes formed?

Answer 51

During prophase 1

Question 52

What is metastasis?

Answer 52

The spread of cancer cells away from the original tumor

Question 53

What are oncogenes

Answer 53

Genes encoding the positive regulators are mutated to produce overreactive proteins.

Question 54

Cellular respiration equation

Answer 54

C6H12O6+6O2=6H2O+6CO2+36ATP

Question 55

PHOTOSYNTHESIS EQUATION

Answer 55

6CO2+6H20+LIGHT=C6H12O6+6O2

Question 56

Difference between meiosis and mitosis

Answer 56

Meiosis. Mitosis 8 stages. 4 stages In germs cells. In somatic cells Genetic variation changes Genetic variation is same 4diploid cells. 2 diploid cells

Question 57

What type of cell does cellular respiration occur

Answer 57

Eukaryotic

Question 58

What organelle does cellular respiration occur

Answer 58

Mitochondria

Question 59

What organelle does photosynthesis occur

Answer 59

Chloroplast

Question 60

What type of cells does photosynthesis occur in

Answer 60

Photosynthetic cells