Exam 3 Flashcards
(104 cards)
1
Q
Spinal cord functions are
A
-Provides two-way communication to and from brain
-Contains spinal reflex centers
2
Q
Location of spinal cord
A
-Begins at the foramen magnum
-Ends at L1 or L2 vertebra
3
Q
What protects the spinal cord
A
Protection: Bone, meninges, and CSF
4
Q
Cushion of fat and network of veins in space between vertebrae and spinal dura mater
A
Epidural space
5
Q
Where does the spinal cord terminate
A
conus medullaris
6
Q
-Fibrous extension of conus covered with pia mater
-Anchors spinal cord
A
Filum terminale extends to coccyx
7
Q
Extensions of pia mater that secure cord to dura mater
A
Denticulate ligaments
8
Q
Two lengthwise grooves partially divide cord into right and left halves
A
-Ventral (anterior) median fissure
-Dorsal (posterior) median sulcus
9
Q
connects masses of gray matter; encloses central canal
A
Gray commissure
10
Q
somatic motor neurons; axons exit cord via ventral roots
A
ventral horns
11
Q
interneurons that receive somatic and visceral sensory input
A
Dorsal Horns
12
Q
sensory input to cord
A
Dorsal Roots
13
Q
cell bodies of sensory neurons are located…
A
Dorsal root (spinal) ganglia
14
Q
-Myelinated and nonmyelinated nerve fibers allow communication between parts of spinal cord, and spinal cord and brain
-Run in three directions
A
White matter
15
Q
up to higher centers (sensory inputs)
A
Ascending
16
Q
from brain to cord or lower cord levels (motor outputs)
A
Descending
17
Q
White matter is Divided into three white columns (funiculi) on each side what are they
A
Dorsal (posterior), lateral, and ventral (anterior)
18
Q
Each spinal tract is composed of _______ with similar destinations and _________
A
-axons
-functions
19
Q
Major ascending (_______) spinal cord tracts
A
- Sensory
-Dorsal Column
20
Q
What tract ascends
-sensory info from skin/muscles
A
Dorsal Column
21
Q
_______ ________ pathway transmit sensory input to somatosensory cortex for _________ _________
A
- Dorsal Column
-Discriminative touch
22
Q
Major descending (_______) spinal cord tract
A
-motor
-corticospinal Tract (pyramidal)
23
Q
Impulses from pyramidal neurons in _________ gyrus pass through pyramidal tracts
A
pre central
24
Q
________ pathway descend without __________ but cross over
A
-Pyramidal
-synapsing
25
Pyramidal axons synapse with _________ or _______ ______ motor neurons
-interneurons
-ventral horn
26
The pyramidal pathway is a direct pathway that regulates ________ and _______ movements
Fast and fine
27
_______ is destruction of ventral horn motor neurons by _________
-poliomyelitis
-poliovirus
28
-muscles atrophy
-death may occur from paralysis of respiratory muscles or cardiac arrest
Poliomyelitis
29
What is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) (Lou Gehrigs Disease)
Destruction of ventral horn motor neurons and fibers of pyramidal tract
30
symptoms- loss of ability to speak, swallow, and breathe
-death typically occurs within five years
-possibly caused by environmental Factors and genetic mutations involving RNA processing
Amyotrophic lateral Sclerosis (ALS) (Lou Gehrigs disease)
31
Consists of nerves that connect CNS to other body parts
PNS
32
PNS includes:
Cranial Nerves
Spinal Nerves
33
What are the two subdivisions of the PNS called
Somatic Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System
34
What is the Somatic Nervous System
-cranial and spinal nerves that connect CNS to the skin and skeletal muscles
-Conscious movements
35
what is the autonomic nervous system
-cranial and spinal nerves that connect CNS to viscera
-Subconscious activities
35
Nerves are made up of bundles of ________
axons
36
nerve "______" are axons
fibers
37
what are the names of the connective tissue coverings for nerves
-endoneurium
-perineurium
-epineurium
38
what is the endoneurium
loose connective tissue that covers individual axons
39
what is the perineurium
loose connective tissue that surrounds the fascicles
40
what is the epineurium
dense connective tissue that surrounds a group of fascicles
41
what are the names of the three nerve classifications
sensory nerves
-motor nerves
-mixed nerves
42
sensory nerves...
conduct impulses into brain or spinal cord
43
motor nerves....
conduct impulses to muscles or glands
44
Mixed nerves....
contain both motor and sensory nerve fibers
45
most nerves are ______ nerves
mixed
46
all spinal nerves (except the _____ pair) are ______ nerves
-FIRST
mixed
47
There are ____ pairs of cranial nerves on the underside of the brain
12
48
most cranial nerves are _____ nerves
Mixed
49
most cranial nerves are attached to the _______ except for ____
-brainstem
-2
50
what are the two cranial nerves that are not attached to the brainstem
-olfactory these fibers start in the nasal cavity
-optic nerve these originate in the eye
51
What is cranial nerve I
Olfactory nerve (I)
52
What does cranial nerve I do
associated with the sense of smell
53
how does the olfactory nerve function
neurons pass through cribriform plate of ethmoid bone and enter olfactory bulbs
54
what is cranial nerve (II)
The optic nerve (II)
55
what does the cranial nerve (II) do
associated with the sense of vision
56
how does the optic nerve work
neuron cell bodies in the retina and pass through the orbits
57
what does the cranial nerve (III) do
motor impulses to several voluntary muscles that raise eyelids/move the eyes
58
what is cranial nerve (III) named
Oculomotor nerve
59
How does the oculomotor nerve function
motor impulses to involuntary muscles that focus lens adjust light entering the eye
60
what is the name of cranial nerve (IV)
trochlear nerve
61
which cranial nerve is the smallest pair
Trochlear nerve (IV)
62
What is the function of the trochlear nerve
motor impulses to one pair of muscles that move the eyes
63
which cranial nerve is the largest nerve
Trigeminal Nerve (V)
64
What is the name of cranial nerve (V)
trigeminal nerve
65
what are the three large sensory branches of the Trigeminal nerve and where are they located
-ophthalmic division
-maxillary division
-mandibular division
66
Trigeminal nerve ophthalmic division
sensory form surface of eye, tear gland, scalp, forehead, and upper eyelids
67
Trigeminal nerve maxillary division
sensory from upper teeth, upper gum, upper lip, palate, and skin of face
68
Trigeminal nerve mandibular division
sensory from scalp, skin of jaw, lower teeth, lower gum, and lower lip
69
what do the motor impulses control in the Trigeminal nerve
chewing (mastication)
70
What is the name of cranial nerve (VI)
abducens nerve
71
What does the abducens nerve do (VI)
motor impulses to one pair of muscles that move the eyes
72
What is the name of the cranial nerve (VII)
facial nerve
73
What does cranial nerve (VII) sensory impulses do
sensory impulses form taste receptors
74
what does the facial nerves motor impulses do
motor impulses to muscles of facial expression, tear glands, and salivary glands
75
Out of the seven nerves discussed which ones are sensory nerves
-Olfactory (I)
-Optic (II)
76
Out of the seven nerves discussed which ones are motor nerves
-oculomotor (III)
-Trochlear (IV)
-Abducens (VI)
77
Out of the seven nerves discussed which ones are mixed nerves
-trigeminal (V)
- Facial nerve (VII)
78
how many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
31
79
how many cervical nerves are there
8
80
how many thoracic nerves are there
12
81
how many lumbar nerves are there
5
82
how many sacral nerves are there
5
83
how many coccygeal nerves are there
1
84
formed by descending roots of lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal nerves
cauda equina
85
an are of skin innervated by the sensory nerve fibers of a particular spinal nerve (all spinal nerves below C1)
dermatome
86
each spinal nerve splits into an _______ and _______ root inside the vertebral column
-anterior
-posterior
87
what does the anterior root do and where are do their cell bodies reside
anterior root contains axons of motor neurons whose cell bodies are in the spinal cord
88
What does the posterior root do
contains axons of sensory neurons
89
What is the posterior ganglion
this is where the posterior roots cell bodies reside
90
how are spinal nerves formed
by a union of anterior and posterior roots
91
what kind of nerves are spinal nerves
mixed
92
what is a nerve plexus
complex network formed by anterior branches of spinal nerves
93
what are the names of the three nerve plexus
cervical, brachial. lumbosacral
94
the cervical plexus is formed by anterior branches of_____ to______ and it lies deep within the _______
-the cervical plexus supplies ______ and ______ of the neck
-C1
-C4
-neck
-muscles
-skin
95
Brachial plexus is formed by anterior branches of _____ to _____ lines deep within the _______
-C5
-T1
-shoulders
96
What are the 5 major branches of brachial plexus
-musculocutaneous nerve-supplies muscles of anterior arms and skin of forearms
-Ulnar and median nerves- supply muscles of forearm and hands skin of hands
-radial nerve- supply posterior muscles of arms and skin of forearms and hands
-axillary nerve- supply muscles and skin of anterior, lateral, and posterior arms
97
lumbosacral plexus is formed by the anterior branches of ______ to ____ roots they are in lubar regions of the ____ and sacral portions are in the ____ ____
-L1
-S4
-abdomen
-pelvic cavity
98
What are the three major branches of the lumbosacral plexus
-Obturator nerve: Supply motor impulses to adductors of thighs
-Femoral nerve: Supply motor impulses to muscles of anterior thigh and sensory impulses from skin of thighs and legs
-Sciatic nerve: Supply muscles and skin of thighs, legs, and feet; largest and longest nerve in the body
99
What exerts the main control over the ANS
the hypothalamus
100
what are the two divisions of the ANS
-Sympathetic division
-Parasympathetic division
101
What is the sympathetic division of the ANS
-Prepares body for “fight or flight” situations
-Most active under energy-requiring, stressful, emergency situations
102
What is the parasympathetic division of the ANS
-Prepares body for “rest and digest” activities
-Most active under resting, non-stressful conditions
103
_________ _________regulates cardiac, vasomotor, and respiratory activities
Medulla oblongata
