Exam #3 Flashcards
(252 cards)
1
Q
Ingestion
A
active process of bringing food into oral cavity
2
Q
Mechanical processing
A
physical size reduction of food entering oral cavity (teeth=digestive system)
3
Q
Propulsion
A
mvmt of material through digestive tract
4
Q
Digestion
A
chemical breakdown of ingested materials
5
Q
Secretion
A
amylase
6
Q
Absorption
A
removal of nutrients and other materials
7
Q
Excretion
A
elimination of waste products
8
Q
Immunity
A
barrier against pathogenic bacteria
9
Q
Oral cavity
A
-entrance to system
-begins at lips and extend to pharynx
10
Q
Hard palate
A
-rostral, bony portion
-formed by palatine, maxillary and incisive bones
11
Q
Soft palate
A
-caudal portion
-divides pharynx into oral and nasal
-when swallowing, soft palate closes nasopharynx
12
Q
Palate
A
separated respiratory and digestive
13
Q
Tongue
A
-intrinsic and extrinsic muscles that run in multiple directions
14
Q
3 main parts of tongue
A
apex, base, root
15
Q
Salivary glands
A
exocrine glands, secrete saliva into mouth through salivary ducts
16
Q
Parotoid
A
lies at the base of the ear
17
Q
Mandibular
A
mandibular ramus (angle of jaw)
18
Q
Sublingual
A
under tongue
19
Q
Epiglottis
A
flap of cartilage covering laryngeal opening
20
Q
Esophagus
A
collapsible muscular tube
21
Q
Omentum
A
-attaches stomach to body wall of other organs
-covering of gastrointestinal system
-has caul fat
22
Q
Greater omentum
A
attaches to greater curvature
23
Q
Lesser omentum
A
attaches to lesser curvature
24
Q
Stomach
A
-extends from esophagus to duodenum
25
4 regions of simple stomach
cardia, fundus, body, and pyloric region
26
Cardia
junction between stomach and esophagus
27
Fundus
blind ended sac superior to cardia region
28
Body
largest region located between fundus and pylorus
29
Pyloric region
caudal end of the stomach, separated from intestines by pyloric sphincter
30
What animals have a simple stomach?
humans, pigs, horses
31
Ruminant stomach
reticulum--> rumen--> omasum--> abomasum (true stomach)
32
Reticulum
-most cranial
-honeycomb
-tripe
-traps foreign objects
33
Rumen
-left side of abdomen
-papilla lining
-fermentation site
34
Omasum
-spherical
-bible
35
Abomasum
-true stomach
-comparable to simple stomach in non-ruminant
36
Small inestine
primary site for digestion and nutrient absorption
37
Duodenum
-receives ingesta from stomach
-first part of the small intestine
-sigmoid loop of duodenum
38
Jejunum
-longest part of the small intestine, mesentery, nutrient absorption
39
Ileum
-end portion, empties into large intestine
-ileocecal fold
-very short
-below cecum
40
Large intestine
absorb electrolytes and water from fecal contents, extends from entrance at ileocecal junction to anus
41
Cecum
-first portion of the large intestine
-rounded blind tip that projects caudally
-THICKEST TUBE
42
Ascending colon
-proximal loop
-spinal colon
-distal loop
43
Proximal loop
receives digesta from the cecum, high moisture content, looks like a smaller cecum
44
Spiral colon
-removes moisture
-looks like a fat spiral
45
Distal loop
-receives digesta with little moisture
-first appearance of fecal balls
-tucked in proximal loop
-whiter because of less moisture
46
Descending loop
-takes waste to the rectum
-at top of body, squiggly with fat
47
Horse colon
-large colon (first portion)
-transverse colon (most moveable part)
-small colon (fecal balls)
48
Liver
-most cranial part of abdomen, behind diaphragm
-largest gland in body
-right and left lobe
49
Liver functions
-detox of toxins
-metabolize
-forms and secretes bile
50
Gallbladder
-located between lobes of liver
-stores bile
-break down fat molecules
51
Pancreas
-Underneath the sigmoid loop of the duodenum
-endocrine function: secretes insulin
-exocrine: produce digestive enzymes
52
Spleen
-dark in color, attached to rumen
-largest lymphoid organ
-stores red blood cells
53
Pyloric sphincter
at the end of abomasum
54
Mesenteric lymph nodes
goat: less centralized
dog: more centralized
55
Cardio system consists of
blood, heart, vascular system, lymphatic system
56
What does the cardio system do
-transport medium
-regulate body temp
-protection by transporting immune cells
57
Systemic system
oxygenated blood from left ventricle to all organs and tissues, deoxygenated blood back to right atrium
58
Pulmonary system
transfers deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to lungs, from lungs to left atrium
59
Lymph vascular system
lymph vessels, lymph nodes, lymphatic organs
60
Blood vascular system
blood, heart, arteries, capillaries, veins
61
Arteries
-move blood AWAY from heart
-carries oxygenated blood to tissues (except for pulmonary artery)
-thick, rigid walls
62
Capillaries
-small
-located btwn arteries and veins
-allow for gas exchange
63
Veins
-transport blood TO heart
-transport deoxygenated blood (except for pulmonary vein)
-thin walled
64
Myocardium
makes up the bulk of thickness, muscle layer
65
Endocardium
thin, inner layer, lines atria and ventricles
66
Epicardium
-thin, outer layer, covers surface of heart
-"visceral pericardium"
67
Pericardium
-fibrous sac that protects heart
-layers: fibrous pericardium, serous pericardium
68
Aorta
emerges from the left ventricle and carries oxygenated blood away from the heart
69
Ascending aorta
extends cranially
70
Descending aorta
travels caudally
71
Aortic arch
sharp bend in aorta
72
Vena cava
transports deoxygenated blood to the heart
73
Cranial vena cava
runs cranially (thin and more dark)
74
Caudal vena cava
runs caudally (thin and more dark)
75
Pulmonary trunk
-cross from right to left
-carries deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to lungs
76
Auricles
expand capacity of atria, elephant ears, flaps
77
Chordae tendineae
-"heart strings"
-help by papillary muscles
-support valves
78
Papillary muscles
muscles lining in ventricles that support valves, bump, opens valve
79
Pulmonary arteries
-2 branches
-carry deoxygenated blood to both lungs
80
Pulmonary veins
-move oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium
81
Right atrium
receives deoxygenated blood from the body
82
Right ventricle
receives deoxygenated blood from R atrium, blood leaves and travels to lungs
83
Left atrium
receives only oxygenated blood from lungs
84
Left ventricle
receives oxygenated blood from L atrium, blood leaves and travels through aorta
85
Right AV valve (tricuspid)
between right atrium and right ventricle
86
Left AV valve (bicuspid/mitral)
thicker valve between left atrium and left ventricle
87
Pulmonary valve
controls pulmonary opening between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
88
Aortic valve
controls aortic opening between left ventricle and aorta
89
RIGHT SIDE
deoxygenated
90
LEFT SIDE
oxygenated
91
Flow of blood through heart!
1. Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium through the vena cava
2. Deoxygenated blood passes through the right AV valve into the right ventricle
3. Deoxygenated blood passes through the pulmonary valve, into the pulmonary trunk, and leaves through the pulmonary artery to lungs
4. Blood receives oxygen in the lungs
5. Oxygenated blood enters the left atrium through the pulmonary vein
6. Oxygenated blood passes through the left AV valve, into the left ventricle
7. Oxygenated blood passes through the aortic valve and leaves the heart through the heart through the aorta (arch) to the lungs
92
Nose
philtrum, nostrils
93
Nasal cavity
conditions and filters air
94
Larynx
-"voice box"
-connects laryngopharynx with trachea
95
Trachea
-"windpipe"
-cartilaginous rings
96
Tracheal rings
-prevent collapsing
-horseshoe shape
97
Bifurcation
splitting of trachea into left and right bronchi
98
Carina
internal ridge at bifurcation between bronchi
99
Pericarditis
inflammation of the pericardium (shaggy heart, fibrosis)
100
Heartworms
-live in the right ventricles, pulmonary trunk, vena cava
-mosquitoes
101
Collapsed trachea
common in middle-aged or older toy and mini dog breeds
102
Pneumonia
inflammation of lung tissue (cloudy radiograph)
103
Pleural effusion
fluid accumulation within pleural cavity
104
Hemothorax
accumulation of blood in thorax
105
Left lung
2 lobes
106
Right lung
3 lobes
107
Accessory lobe
underneath lungs
108
Diaphragm
separates abdominal and respiratory cavities
109
Renal system consists of:
kidneys, 2 ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
110
Renal system functions
-regulation of blood volume and pressure
-regulation of blood ion concentration
-elimination of waste products and recovery of filtered nutrients
111
Kidney
-primary organs of renal system
-held in place by fat
112
Right kidney
more cranial
113
Left kidney
more caudal
114
Bean shaped and smooth kidney
carnivores, small ruminants, pigs, horses left kidney
115
Heart shaped and smooth
horses right kidney
116
Lobated
cattle
117
Fibrous capsule
then, fibrous tissue that covers external surface of kidney
118
Renal hilus
medial, indented border of kidney, entrance for vessels and ureter
119
Ureter
muscular tube that propels urine from kidneys to urinary bladder
120
Renal artery
brings oxygenated blood to kidney
121
Renal vein
carries deoxygenated blood from kidney
122
Adrenal gland
endocrine glands located cranially and medially to each kidney, secrete many hormones
123
Renal cortex
-lighter in color
-layer/line on outside
124
Renal medulla
-darker in color
-internal portion
125
Calyx
-flower petal/c shaped funnel
126
Renal sinus
center of kidney, urine collects
127
Nephron
the microscopic, functional unit of kidney, site of urine production
128
Renal corpuscle
-bowmans capsule
-beginning of urine production
129
Proximal convoluted tubule
extracts urine
130
Loop of henle
extracts urine
131
Distal convoluted tubule
extracts urine
132
Urinary bladder
-hollow and moveable
-passes urine from ureter to urethra
133
Trigone of urinary bladder
imaginary triangle within bladder
134
Urethra
-tubular
-transports urine from bladder
-female: opens floor of repro tract
-male: 2 parts (pelvic and penile)
135
Ovaries
-produce gametes and release hormones
-suspended by broad ligament
-dark spots at end of uterine horns
136
Infundibulum
-hood of ovary, catches egg
-move oocyte towards uterine tube
137
Cortex of ovary
external portion
138
Medulla of ovary
internal portion
139
Uterine tube
-comes off infundibulum
-SITE OF FERTILIZATION
140
Cervix
tough, zig zag, protects uterus
141
Uterine Body
between cervix and uterine horns (where horns meet)
142
Uterine horns
rams horn
143
Vagina
between cervix and external orfice
144
vulva
external portion of female tract
145
Vestibule
shared space for urinary and repro tracts
146
Duplex shape
-marsupials and rabbits
-2 separate uterine horns and cervical canals
147
Bicornuate shape
-sow, litter bearing animals
-small uterine body and long uterine horns
148
Bipartite shape
-ruminants, carnivores, horses
-small uterine body and 2 uterine horns development
149
Simplex shape
-primates and humans
-no uterine horns
150
Testis
-produce male gametes and release hormones
-builds sperm
-heat sensitive
151
Tunica albuginea
fibrous covering of testicle
152
Leydig cells
testosterone
153
Sertoli cells
stimulate spermatogenesis
154
Scrotum
-house testis, pull up/drop down for temp control
155
Dartos muscle
lines scrotum and regulates temp
156
Cremaster muscle
raise and lower testis in body cavity
157
Seminiferous tubules
-squiggle lines
-creation of sperm starts
158
Rete testis
no sperm production
159
Efferent duct
collection of channels at heat of epididymis
160
Epididymis
site of sperm maturation and storage
161
Head of epi
-darker color
-viable and concentrate sperm
162
Body of epi
-mid section
-sperm develops and acquires mobility
163
Tail of epi
-end protruding
-house mature sperm
-2 months from head to tail
164
Ductus deferens
-strap on body of epi.
165
Pampiniform plexus
-veins around artery on top of testis
-cools blood
166
Glands penis
erectile tissue at free end of penis (different shapes)
167
Prepuce
external exit, external skin
168
Sigmoid flexure
-hook/protection for penis
-muscle the flexes and extends
169
Prostate
-surrounds urethra
-neutralize acidity and increase volume
170
Vesicular glands
secrete fructose rich fluid to provide energy
171
Bulbourethral gland/ Cowper's gland
paired glands, secrete fluid to lubricate urethra and neutralize acidity
172
Os penis
bone found in distal end, passing through bulbus glandis
173
Nervous system components
sensory input, integration, motor output
174
Nervous system functions
communication between internal and external environment, relay of electrical signals to all parts of body
175
Central nervous system
-brain and spinal cord
-includes neurons, blood vessels, connective tissue
176
Peripheral nervous system
-all nerve cells outside CNS
-divided into somatic and autonomic
177
Sensory (afferent) NS
-signals move towards CNS
-cells located outside of CNS
-travels from sense organs--> spinal cord--> brain
178
Motor (efferent) NS
-signals move away from CNS to organs, glands, etc.
-cell bodies located inside CNS
179
Somatic NS
voluntary impulses from the CNS
180
Autonomic NS
-"visceral NS"
-involuntary impulses
181
Neuron
-functional unit of NS
-largest and most numerous cell in body
-receives, transmit, store info
182
Dendrites
"tree", receive info from other neurons
183
Axon
(nerve fiber), unique to neurons, "carry" nerve impulse, covered with a myelin sheath
184
Synapse and synaptic knobs
-termination point of axon, terminal meets another neuron
-2 types: electrical and chemical
185
CNS oligodendrocyte
produce myelin that insulates axons, myelin increases speed of nerve transmission
186
PNS schwann
produce myelin in PNS
187
Cervical enlargement
-cervical plexus, brachial plexus
-phrenic nerve--> innervates diaphragm
188
Lumbar enlargement
-lumbosacral plexus
-conus medullaris--> narrow end of spinal cord
189
Meninges
"covering"
190
Dura matter
external
191
Arachnoid matter
middle
192
Pia matter
innermost
193
Epidural space
-between dura and periosteum
-contains fluid that cushions spinal cord
194
Subdural space
between dura and arachnoid
195
Subarachnoid space
-between arachnoid and pia matter
-contains cerebral fluid
196
Gyri
mounds (worms)
197
Sulci
infold of mound (dark lines)
198
Longitudinal fissure
separates left and right brain
199
Transverse fissure
separates large and small brain
200
Cerebrum
-largest
-2 hemispheres
201
Corpus callosum
-connects 2 cerebral hemispheres
-white band
202
Olfactory bulbs
-rostral part of cerebrum
-axons from nasal cavity
203
Frontal lobe
cognitive thinking
204
parietal
sensory
205
temporal
hearing
206
occipital
vision
207
piriform
smell
208
thalamus
-eyes
-relay station for sensory impulses
209
pineal body
secretes melatonin
210
hypothalamus
-under thalamus
-communication
211
pituitary gland
-external, may be in dura matter (infundibulum)
-hormones
212
Rostral colliculi
-cheeks
-visual reflex center
213
Caudal colliculi
-mouth
-auditory reflexes
214
Pons
-bump on underside of brain
-bridges brain and spinal cord
215
Cerebellum
-little brain
-muscle movement
216
Vermis
-ridge of cerebellum
217
Arbor vitae
tree of life
218
Medulla oblongata
-near brain stem
-connects pons to spinal cord
-cardiac, respiratory, etc.
219
Olfactory nerve
connects to bulbs
220
Optic nerve/chiasm
forms X where they cross
221
Oculomotor nerve
controls mvmt of eyes
222
Brown area
grey matter, dendrite cells, process info
223
White area
white matter, axons
224
Fibrous tunic
external layer, gives eye shape
225
Vascular tunic
middle layer, contains blood vessels and smooth muscle
226
Nervous tunic
inner layer, contains receptor cells
227
Sclera
white area around cornea
228
Cornea
clear part, opening
229
Limbus
junction of sclera and cornea
230
iris
black ring
231
Pupil
opening of black ring (behind lens) allows light in
232
tapetum lucidum
-reflective
-blue
-see animals eyes at night
233
retina
-optic disc comes to a point
-image formation
234
rods
night vision and shapes
235
cones
color and sharpness
236
optic disk
connection of retina to optic nerve
237
lens
-solid
-transparent
-marble
238
vitreous humor
-jelly
-holds the shape of the eye
239
anterior chamber
in front of iris
240
posterior chamber
behind iris
241
Pinna/auricle
funnel sound towards middle ear
242
External auditory meatus
canal that leads to middle ear
243
Tympanic membrane
-ear drum
-divider that separates external auditory meatus from middle
244
Malleus
-hammer
-in ED
245
Incus
-anvil
-between malleus and stapes
246
Stapes
-stirrup
-connects incus and cochlea (smallest bone in body)
247
Auditory tube
connects middle ear with nasopharynx, equal pressure
248
Cochlea
snail-like bony shell, part of inner ear involved with hearing
249
Spiral organ
hair cells, movement of cells--> nerve impulse
250
Brachial plexus avulsion
nerve roots are torn from spinal cord--> can't move limbs
251
Hydrocephalus
-accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid
-internal: accumulation inside brain's ventricles
-external: accumulation in subarachnoid space
252
Rabies
-rhabdovirdiae, hydrophobic
-furious form: aggressive
-dumb form: lethargy
