Exam 3 Flashcards by Kyla Claxton

Originates in reticular formation; controls muscles of upper and lower limbs and contains descending analgesic pathways.

Reticulospinal

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Ipsilateral; carries vibration, visceral pain, deep & discrimination touch, and proprioception signals from midthoracic & lower parts of the body

Gracile fasciculus

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Contralateral; carries pain signals from tissue injury; has fourth order neurons

Spinoreticular

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Which of the following fractures would be least likely to cause a spinal cord injury?

A fracture of vertebra L5

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Which of the following nerves originates in the sacral/coccygeal plexus?

Gluteal

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Which of the following branches of a spinal nerve have somas of solely sensory neurons?

Posterior root

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This branchial, plexus nerve innervated the brachialis and biceps brachii muscles

Musculocutaneous

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A mixed nerve consists of both____.

Sensory and motor fibers

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The bundle of nerve roots that occupy the vertebral canal from L2 to S5 is called the______.

Cauda equina

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These are all properties of reflexes except

Reflexes are voluntary

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Which of the following best describes the order of a somatic reflex?

Somatic receptor—> afferent nerve fiber—> interneuron—> efferent nerve fiber—> skeletal muscle

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A reflex for the sensory input and motor output are on the same side of the spinal cord is called a(n)____ reflex arc.

Ipsilateral

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The tendon reflex

Prevents the other contraction of a muscle that might tear a tendon

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You go to the movies after a long day of studying A&P and you begin to non-off as soon as the movie starts your head starts to lower, but the reflex causes your head to rise. This is called a

Stretch(myotatic) reflex

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On your way down the hill to the RPC building for class you left foot finds a very sharp rock that causes pain even through your shoe. What type of reflex did your left leg have

Flexor (withdraw) reflex

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The following are all major components of the brain stem except

The pre-Central gyrus

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The medulla oblongata develops from this secondary embryonic vessel

Myelencephalon

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From superficial to deep the menings occurring this order

Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

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Cerebrospinal fluid serves these purposes except

To provide oxygen and nutrients to the nervous tissue

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The blood – brain barrier (BBB) is most permeable to

Glucose and oxygen

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The cerebrospinal fluid is secreted by choroid plexuses in the______ventricles and reabsorbed by ________ superior sagittal sinus

Lateral, third, and fourth; arachnoid villi

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The respiratory and reflex centers are found in

The medulla oblongata

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Th____ Function(s) in visual attention, such as to look and follow the flight of a butterfly

Superior colliculi

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The degeneration of neurons in the structure, which inhibits unwanted body movements, leads to the muscle tremors of Parkinson’s disease

Substantia nigra

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The arbor vitae is a structure found in

The cerebellum

The thalamus, hypothalamus, and the epithalamus are derivatives from the embryonic

Diencephalon

Nearly all of the somatosensory input to the cerebrum passes by way of synapses in

The thalamus

Feeding, fighting, fleeing, and mating are regulated by

The hypothalamus

Planning, motivation, and social judgment, or functions of the brain associated with

The frontal lobe

The occipital lobe is

The principal visual center of the brain

The great majority of____tracks pass through the corpus callosum

Commissural

Short-term memory is associated with the

Hippocampus

Changes in blood pressure are Detected by_________ in arteries

Mechanoreceptors

Destruction of the amygdala would most mostly affect

Expression of emotions, with a particular reduction in fear response

In the semester, you have sounded out many unfamiliar words. While sounding these words out you extensively use the____ of your brain

Wernicke‘s area

The largest of the cranial nerves in the most important sensory nerve of the face is

Trigeminal

Changes in the cerebral spinal fluid pH are detected by

Chemoreceptors

Pheromone stimulate

Olfactory cells

This organ does not have nociceptors

Brain

_______ is the only sense that can reach the cerebral cortex without passing first through the thalamus

Smell

The primary olfactory cortex is located in them

Temporal lobe

All these are analgesics naturally occurring in the central nervous system, except

Bradykinins

When you travel in an elevator, the_____ senses when the elevator is moving

Hair cells of the otolithic membrane of the macula sacculi

When you view objects further than 6 m away the eye

Is in a natural state, called emmetropia and does not make any adjustments

Half of the fibers, each optic nerve decussate in the_____before reaching the visual cortex.

Optic chiasm

Which structure allows, upper respiratory infections to spread from the throat to the tympanic cavity

The Eustachian tube

______ are responsible for scotopic vision

Rods

The duplicity theory of vision holds that

A single type of receptor system cannot produce both high sensitivity and high resolution

Which one of these is most vulnerable to in irreversible damage caused by prolonged loud noise

Cochlear hair cells

Comprised mostly of cones the best visual area is the

Fovea centralis

Each upward movement of the ____ causes the stereocilia of the inner hair cells to bend opening____ Gates

Basilar membrane; K+

Adjustment to close range vision involves all of the following, except

Light adaptation

the____ is made up of 100 million neurons embedded into the wall of the digestive track

Enteric nervous system

This nerve route would lead to collateral ganglia like solar plexus

Splanchnic

Is it possible to get antagonistic effects in the ANS without dual interventions?

Yes, as evidenced by sympathetic control of vasomotor tone

The____ Division carries signals from the smooth muscle in the small intestine to the central nervous system

Visceral sensory

The_______ division tends to prepare the body for action

Sympathetic

The_______ division carries signals to the tibials interior from the brain

Somatic motor

What is the primary site on a neuron for receiving signals from other neurons?

The dendrites

Which cells for mile and sheets in the nerves of the brachial plexus

Schwann cells

In order to regenerate, a peripheral nerve fiber must have which of the following?

The Neurosoma, and at least one neurilemma intact

Local potentials are__ meaning they get weaker over distance

Decremental

A neuron receives a stimulus. Which of the following events happens next

A local potential develops

Local potentials are___, whereas action potentials are____

Graded; all or none

During the absolute refractory. Which of the following is true?

No stimulus of any strength will trigger a new action potential

Saltatory conduction seen in myelinated axons is faster than normal conduction in unmyelinated axon because

Na+ enters the axon at the nodes of ranvier, travels in a rapid decremental manner inside the axon to the next node where the action potential is restored to full strength

What is the most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain?

Y-Aminobutyric acid (GABA)

Some antidepressant drugs act by inhibiting monoamine oxidase. What is the function of this enzyme?

It breaks down monoamine

Which of these does not contribute to the cessation of the signal in the synaptic transmission?

Synaptic vessels secrete neurotransmitters by exocytosis

Which neurotransmitter excites, skeletal muscles and inhibits cardiac muscle

Acetylene

Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials are associated with which of the following

Hyperpolarization of cell membrane

The opening of_____ gates produces an____

Calcium and sodium; EPSP

A neuron can receive thousands of EPSPs from different neurons the addition and response to the net effect of the postsynaptic potentials is called

Spatial summation

Even though all action potentials are the same, the brain can differentiate between a variety of stimuli by source and intensity the mechanisms by which the nervous system converts these action potentials into meaningful information is called neural

Pooling

Parkinson’s disease is a progressive loss of motor function due the degenerative loss of specific neurons these neurons secrete and inhibitory neurotransmitter that prevents excessive activity in motor centers of the brain. What neurotransmitter is this?

Dopamine

Accumulation of CA 2+ in the axon terminal is_____in probably plays an important role in_____

Synaptic facilitation; short-term memory

Place the following events of synaptic transmission at an adrenergic synapse in order

E,D,C,A,B

The neural circuit of the entire visceral sensory division is best characterized as

Convergent

Pain, heat and cold are detected by

Free nerve endings

Exam 3 Flashcards

(79 cards)