Exam 3 (18,23,25,27,18)

Question 1

Antibacterial antibiotics typically target which universal distinguishing features of bacteria?

Answer 1

RNA polymerase, ribosomal RNA and translation factors

Question 2

Given an evolutionary tree of bacteria (based on an image), what are the major clades that are Gram-negative, Gram-positive, and deep-branching extremophiles?

Answer 2

Firmicutes, Tenericutes and Actinobacteria (Gram-positive bacteria)
Proteobacteria (Gram-negative)
Deep-branching (Gram-negatives)
Planctomycetes-Verrucomicrobia- Chlamydiae (PVC) (superphylum)

Question 3

What are the intracellular features of Cyanobacteria (based on an image)?

Answer 3

chromosome, thylakoid, and forms endospore

Question 4

Which major bacterial clades (by taxonomic name) hold crystal violet stain?

Answer 4

gram positive

Question 5

Which genera of Gram-positive bacteria belong to the Firmicutes versus the Actinobacteria (you should know 6 to 8 well-studied examples for each, and major diseases or characteristics of each)?

Answer 5

bacillus, clostridium (spore forming) and lactococcus, cactobacillus, and leuconostoc (non spore forming aerotolerant)

Question 6

B. anthrax

Answer 6

causes anthrax

Question 7

B. subtilis

Answer 7

in the gastro intestinal tract of ruminants

Question 8

B. thuringiensis

Answer 8

used as a pesticide

Question 9

C. botulinum

Answer 9

produces neurotoxin botulinum

Question 10

C. tetani

Answer 10

causes tetanus

Question 11

C. difficile

Answer 11

causes colin inflammation

Question 12

listeria monocytogenes

Answer 12

causes listeriosis

Question 13

staphylococcus aureus

Answer 13

causes MRSA

Question 14

Which important metabolic/ecological types are most common in the Alphaproteobacteria?

Answer 14

Rhizobium and Sinorhizobium are both nitrogen fixers and rod shaped

Question 15

Recognize (based on an image) a proteobacterium parasitizing other Proteobacteria.

Question 16

What are the common species in the phylum Gammaproteobacteria (know 8 examples described in lecture)?

Question 17

What are the characteristics of the agent of Lyme disease?

Answer 17

multipartite genomes

Question 18

What are the features (based on an image) and phylum name of prokaryotes with membranes around their DNA?

Answer 18

PVC superphylum have double membrane around their nucleoid

Question 19

What is the hygiene hypothesis?

Answer 19

less beneficial microbes in our bodies, more likely for a harmful microbe to cause disease

Question 20

Which oral microbiota contribute to endocarditis and bacteremia?

Answer 20

any oral microbiota that enter the blood stream or are incorrectly washed out of the mouth and end up in the lungs or heart can cause endocarditis because they are not supposed to be there.

Question 21

What are the major types of microbes of the human microbiome?

Answer 21

staphylococcus epidermidis and enterobacteriaseae are found in the gut

Question 22

Which specific microbes in the human gut break down carbohydrates and mucin?

Answer 22

Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron breaks down complex carbohydrates and Akkermansia muciniphila degrade mucin

Question 23

How do early members of the healthy human microbiome reduce innate immune responses of the gut epithelial cells?

Answer 23

the e coli in their gut generate a reducing enviroment, This supports growths of strict anaerobic species—mainly Bifidobacterium, Bacteroides, and Clostridium and Ruminococcus

Question 24

What are the key components of biofilms and why do biofilms form?

Answer 24

biofils form dew to enviromental stress and an ubundance of resourses on a surface.

Question 25

What steps are essential in biofilm formation and propagation?

Answer 25

a cell will signal that it has found a good spot and then other cells will coat the surface ad losse flagella will twitch to establish a firm attatchment and then the cells secrete a cell-cell signal and cerete a extracellular matric that is smilly. cells can leave and start a new one if they want

Question 26

What are the traits of fungi and what traits do animals share with fungi?

Answer 26

the consimption of organic matter and hetotrophy and eukaryotic

Question 27

What are the sizes and names for “emerging” bacteria and eukaryotes?

Answer 27

nano eukaryotes and picoeukaryotes

Question 28

What are the characteristics and classification of the major groups of eukaryotic microbes?

Question 29

Which genera and phyla of fungi and bacteria form important symbioses with plants and what structures do they form?

Answer 29

help create more surface area for the roots to retain more water

Question 30

What specific benefits and exchanges occur among and between plants and microbial symbionts?

Answer 30

plants exchange nutrients

Question 31

Define infectivity and virulence and be able to compare common viruses in terms of levels of infectivity and virulence.

Question 32

Which types of adhesins occur in which species?

Question 33

Which structures (based on an image) represent endotoxins and various types of exotoxins, and how do they function to help microbes infect hosts?

Question 34

Which protein secretion systems (based on an image) evolved from other microbial structures?

Question 35

What is the definition of a reportable disease and how do lab epidemiologists typically identify pathogens?

Question 36

What biochemical clinical tests are used for Enterobacteriaceae?

Question 37

What are the most common rapid point-of-care tests?

Question 38

What factors in our changing world are increasing epidemics?

Answer 38

drug resistant strans of deseases

Question 39

How do antifungal drugs function, mechanistically?

Question 40

How do beta-lactams work and what is their structure (based on an image)?

Question 41

Correctly pair antibiotics with their mechanisms of action.

Answer 41

many target the ribosome, rna, and mecanism of transcription

Question 42

Evaluate good and bad strategies to fight evolved drug resistance, based on an understanding of how antimicrobial resistance evolves.

Answer 42

not abusing drugs and possibly creating phage antibiotics

Question 43

What are the key mechanisms of HIV antivirals, and evaluate potential weaknesses in new antivirals (based on an image), for example, for COVID-19.