exam 3 Flashcards
(161 cards)
1
Q
Steps of memory
A
Encoding, storage, retrieval
2
Q
Encoding
A
taking external stimuli and turning it into information to create memory from
3
Q
Engram
A
mostly imaginary place where a singular memory is stored
4
Q
Retrieval cues
A
bits of information included with memory during encoding, triggers we use for retrieval
5
Q
Levels of processing
A
Structural, phonemic, semantic, organizational
6
Q
Structural processing
A
relies on visual components
7
Q
Phonemic processing
A
relies on sound
8
Q
Semantic processing
A
focuses on meaning of the word
9
Q
Organizational processing
A
encoding stimuli by connecting it with other pieces of information
10
Q
Dual track
A
Effortful - actively trying to process information
Automatic - committed to memory, recalling
11
Q
The role of interpretation
A
acknowledging memory is based on perception makes it easier to understand
12
Q
Elaboration
A
add more information to a stimulus, more cues, easier to remember
13
Q
Dual coding theory
A
best ways to encode information is use two different modalities
14
Q
Self referent encoding
A
Connect information to ourselves we remember it better
15
Q
Cocktail party phenomenon
A
Can distinguish your name in a loud party
16
Q
Pegwords
A
Combine two visual images by rhyming word with number and adding images together to remember
17
Q
Method of loci
A
take location you’re familiar with and chart a path through and place items you need to remember
18
Q
Chunking
A
Pairing pieces of information together to limit amount of information needed to process
19
Q
Hierarchies
A
process information in hierarchal order, thinking about where it fits along all other information, classification
20
Q
Spacing/testing effect
A
we remember information better when space it out, we recall better when testing
21
Q
Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory
A
Sensory, short term and long term
22
Q
Sensory memory
A
very short lasting, much sense information can be held
23
Q
Short term memory
A
About 30s duration, 5-9 pieces of information held
24
Q
Long term memory
A
No maximum number of memories
25
Procedural memory
automatic processing of information, don't have to think about it
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Positive transfer
mastery of one task helps you with another task
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Negative transfer
mastery of one task interferes with ability to do another
28
Declarative memory
purposefully searching for information and consciously recalling it
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Semantic memory
Factual information
30
Episodic memory
Personal event memory
31
Autobiographical memory
Information about yourself
32
Highly superior autobiographical memory
remember every component of their lives
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Prospective memory
remembering to do something in the future
34
Working memory
how you use information in your short term memory
35
Maintenance rehearsal
maintain information in short term memory
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Elaborative rehearsal
Transition memory to long term memory
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Visuospatial sketchpad
visual/spatial information processing
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Phonological loop
Auditory or language processing
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Central executive
Coordinate between different parts of working memory and determine where to send resources
40
Episodic buffer
Keeping information in order, temporal information
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Consolidation
Turns information into long term memory, happens in hippocampus, REM sleep
42
Reconsolidation
taking previously retrieved memory and putting it back in long term memory
43
Implicit vs explicit memory retrieval
Explicit - hippocampus, prefrontal cortex
Implicit - cerebellum, basal ganglia
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Context dependent retrieval
easier to remember instances of one emotional state while in the same emotional state
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Associative network
memories connect in a chain that make things easier to recall
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Schemas
cluster of knowledge can be used to fill in gaps
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Recall
Asking to retrieve information with little to no cues
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Recognition
Recognize previously learned information
49
Relearning
Quicker someone is able to relearn a task, the more memory they have of it`
50
Retrograde amnesia
Forget everything prior to event causing amnesia
51
Anterograde amnesia
Inability to form new memories
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Serial positioning effect
more or less likely to remember an item based on position in a list
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Primacy and Recency
more likely to remember first and last items in a list
Primacy - moving to long term
Recency - still in short term
54
Simons and Levine 1998
50% of people didn't realize person they were talking to switched mid conversation
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Own race bias
easier to distinguish between members of our own race than other races, Jennifer Thompson and Ronald Cotton
56
Source monitoring
don't remember where we get information from
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Cryptomnesia
Accidental plagiarism, assume you created information that you didn't remember where it came from
58
Processing errors
incorrectly using processing when storing or retrieving information
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Long vs short term processing errors
Short term - similar words
Long term - similar meaning
60
Redintegration
used other stored memory as a retrieval cue
61
Benefits of forgetting
help brain let go of aspects of negative events and emotions
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Inability to forget
affects abstract thinking, logic, and reasoning negatively
63
Ineffective encoding
Don't encode information well so cannot retrieve it
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Decay/Transience
As you get further from creation of that memory, it becomes less detailed
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Absentmindedness
attention leads to failure of memory
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Blocking
failure to retrieve information in memory
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Misattribution
Assigning recollection to wrong source
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Interference (proactive and retroactive)
Proactive - old information interferes with new information
Retroactive - new information interferes with old information
69
Suggestibility
Changing our memory based on information from others
70
Bias
Remember information we agree with, forgot information we disagree with
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Persistance
More benign details get lost, details that fit with response are remembered
72
Associative learning
learning by pairing stimuli, classical conditioning
73
CC Acquistion
Time period when neutral stimulus is paired with unconditioned stimulus, learning occurs
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CC Extinction
Association is broken when subject unlearns conditioned stimulus
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CC Spontaneous recovery
Randomly responds to conditioned stimulus again without relearning period
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CC Generalization
Respond to similar neutral stimulus as a conditioned stimulus
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CC discrimination
doesn't response to similar neutral stimulus to conditioned stimulus
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Taste aversion (CC)
If you get sick after eating a food, you feel sick gets that food
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Biological preparedness (CC)
Fear of certain stimuli are adapted (heights, snakes, water)
80
Higher order conditioning (CC)
Creating new conditioned stimulus using a previous conditioned stimulus, not by pairing with unconditioned stimulus
81
Latent inhibition (CC)
Take longer for learning to occur because familiar with stimulus in other context
82
Renewal effect (CC)
Extinction happens in different environment than conditioning, when in original environment response occurs
83
OC, Thorndike's Law of Effect
Behavior that leads to a positive consequence will be repeated
84
Positive reinforcement
Encouraging a behavior by addition of positive stimulus
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Negative reinforcement
Encouraging a behavior through taking something away
86
Negative punishment
Discouraging behavior by taking something away
87
Positive punishment
Discouraging a behavior by addition of negative stimulus
88
Ratio reinforcement schedule
response occurs after x amount of behaviors
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Interval reinforcement schedule
Response occurs after set amount of time, regardless of behaviors
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Fixed reinforcement schedule
Response occurs after same amount of time or behaviors every time
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Variable reinforcement schedule
Response occurs in a changing pattern
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OC, partial reinforcement
only reward periodically, variable
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OC, context reinforcement
Reinforce behavior in some contexts and not others
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OC, Primary vs secondary reinforcers
Primary - fulfill biological need (food)
Secondary - reward with learned value (money)
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OC, Premack principle
A preferred activity can be used to reinforce a less preferred activity
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OC, Shaping
Break complex behaviors into smaller steps
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OC, token economies
Earning tokens you can turn in for larger rewards
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OC Acquisition
time period when doing reinforcement or punishment
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OC Extinction
when reinforcement stops, behavior stops
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OC Spontaneous recovery
Decide to do behavior without reward
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Behavior differences between CC and OC
CC - reflexive and automatic behavior
OC - conscious and effortful behavior
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Consequence differences between CC and OC
CC - consequence built in
OC - based on behavior and type of OC
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Cultural differences between CC and OC
CC - not much difference between cultures
OC - variety between cultures, mostly in secondary reinforcers
104
Deconditioning
can unlearn associations
105
Evaluative conditioning
Use emotional response to one stimulus to condition paired stimulus
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Generalization gradient
More similar two stimuli seem to someone, the more likely they are to generalize
107
Stimulus organism response
The way an organism interprets stimulus affects response
108
Instinctive drift
Instincts can override learning
109
Habituation learning (Nonassociative)
Learn to stop responding to a stimulus that is no longer relevant or a threat
110
Sensitization learning (Nonassociative)
Increased response due to attention brought to something or perceiving it as a threat
111
Modeling observational learning
Learner learns through teacher demonstration
112
Imitation observational learning
Learns learns through mimicking teacher without intent from teacher
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Obs learning, Restriction of behavior
learning what not to do by observing consequences
114
Obs learning, diffusion chains
novice becomes expert, expert teaches novice, novice becomes expert, and so on
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Obs learning, Implicit learning
Unconscious learning, type of imitation, language often
116
4 requirements of observational learning
Attention, retention, reproduction, motivation
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Francis Galton
First to develop interest in an intelligence test
118
Alfred Binet
Developed first intelligence test, first to use idea of mental age
119
Lewis Terman
created Stanford-Binet scale, first English intelligence test (for children)
120
IQ
Lewis Terman created, mental age/age *100, works better for kids
121
David Wechsler
First adult intelligence scale, recognized iq as insufficient, created deviation IQ, how different you are from others your age
122
Intelligence testing
Test and see performance across many domains
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Aptitude testing
Testing specific abilities
124
Achievement testing
Testing for mastery of one specific ability
125
Testing vs cognitive perspective of intelligence
Testing - how much intelligence you have
Cognitive - how you use intelligence
126
Cultural bias in intelligence testing
Certain people perform better because they share culture with people who create tests
127
Crystallized vs fluid intelligence
Crystallized - factual information
Fluid - logic, decision making, processed elements
128
G-factor, intelligence theory
Verbal - language processing
Spatial - manipulate items
Quantitative - mathematical info
129
CHC model intelligence theory
General, broad, narrow
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Sternberg's Triarchic theory of intelligence
Analytic, creative, practical
131
Cumulative deprivation hypothesis
Living in a deprived environment has a negative impact on intelligence
132
Reaction range
Genetics determine range of intelligence, environment determines where you fall in that range
133
Flynn effect
Intelligence scores increase across generation, more change in fluid intelligence
134
Requirements for intellectual disability
Onset before adulthood, 70 or below iq, inadequate ability to function in everyday life
135
Intellectual disability categories
Mild, moderate, severe, profound
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Intellectual disability origins
organic, prenatal, environmental, and unknown
137
Convergent problem
Known solution, require analytical strategies
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Divergent problem
unknown solution, require novel strategies
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Well defined problem
known start and end point and know how to get there
140
Ill defined problem
Lack of clarity in either start, end, or middle
141
Inducing structure problem
Trying to solve a problem using relationships and patterns
142
Arrangement problem
rearrange elements of problem to get solution
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Transformation
change aspect of problem to to get solution
144
Means end analysis problem solving
searching for steps to decrease difference between problem and solution
145
Trial and err=ror problem solving
no strategy, just attempting ranom solutions
146
algorithm problem solving
strategy that takes you through every potential solution
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Heuristic problem solving
Finding a shortcut in algorithm
148
Subgoals problem solving
breaking down problem into smaller parts
149
Changing the representation problem solving
Changing the way you perceive a problem
150
Incubation/insight problem solving
step away from problem for a while
151
Creativitiy
Novel way to solve a problem that is still useful
152
Preparation, 1st stage of creativity
Describing and defining problem you are trying to solve
153
Incubation, 2nd stage of creativity
Putting problem to the side and not focusing on it
154
Insight, 3rd stage of creativity
Solution finally comes to mind, eureka moment
155
Elaboration-verification, 4th stage of creativity
Testing solution to see if it works
156
Expertise correlation with creativity
Easier to be creative if you understand realm you are being creative in
157
Imaginative thinking correlation with creativity
ability to see things in a new and unusual way, notice things others don't
158
Independence correlation with creativity
creative people tend to be more independent in judgements and decisions
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Intrinsic motivation correlation with creativity
Motivated to do things more internally rather than external rewards
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Creative environment correlation with creativity
Environments that support exploration, supportive people, less rules
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