Exam 3 Flashcards
What are three major challenges faced by probation officers?
Stress, heavy workloads, and managing a diverse clientele.
What are intermediate sanctions?
Alternative punishments between probation and incarceration, such as fines, community service, and electronic monitoring.
What is community-based restorative justice?
A system that emphasizes repairing harm through victim-offender mediation and reconciliation.
What are the two early penitentiary models?
The Pennsylvania model (solitary confinement) and the Auburn model (silent, congregate work system).
What was the Brown Commission?
A mid-19th century inquiry into abuses at Kingston Penitentiary, leading to prison reforms in Canada.
What is the difference between federal and provincial correctional systems in Canada?
Federal institutions house offenders sentenced to two years or more, while provincial/territorial institutions handle those sentenced to less than two years.
What are major challenges in Canadian corrections?
Overcrowding, mental health issues, Indigenous overrepresentation, and lack of rehabilitation resources.
What is the ‘rule of law’ in corrections?
The principle that correctional institutions must operate within legal and constitutional limits.
What is a ‘total institution’?
A facility where inmates live under strict control, cut off from society (e.g., prisons, mental hospitals).
What are common characteristics of offenders in correctional institutions?
Disproportionately male, from marginalized communities, often with substance use disorders and low education levels.
What are some roles of correctional officers?
Maintaining security, enforcing rules, managing inmate behavior, and rehabilitative support.
What is the ‘correctional officer subculture’?
A set of shared norms and values among officers, often emphasizing toughness, solidarity, and skepticism toward inmates.
Why are correctional officers at high risk for PTSD?
Exposure to violence, threats, high-stress situations, and lack of mental health support.
What is prisonization?
The process where inmates adopt the values, norms, and behaviors of prison culture.
What is institutionalization?
The difficulty inmates face adapting to life outside prison after long-term incarceration.
What is self-injurious behavior (SIB), and why does it occur in prisons?
Self-harm without suicidal intent, often due to stress, isolation, or lack of mental health care.
What is the Risk-Need-Responsivity (RNR) model?
A framework for effective rehabilitation based on assessing risk levels, addressing criminogenic needs, and tailoring treatment to individual learning styles.
What is throughcare?
Continuous support and services from incarceration through reintegration into society.
What is conditional release?
Early release from prison under supervision, with conditions to follow.
Who makes parole decisions in Canada?
The Parole Board of Canada (PBC), based on risk assessments and behavior in prison.
What are common challenges of reintegration?
Employment, housing, stigma, lack of support, and risk of reoffending.
What does the Youth Criminal Justice Act (YCJA) emphasize?
Rehabilitation, reintegration, and reducing reliance on incarceration for youth offenders.
What are common risk factors for youth delinquency?
Family instability, poverty, peer pressure, substance abuse, and school failure.
What are youth diversion programs?
Programs that offer alternatives to formal court processing, such as community service or counseling.
