exam 3

Question 1

The left side of the heart pumps blood through the __________ circulation, which delivers oxygen and nutrients to all the remaining tissues of the body.

Answer 1

systemic

Question 2

The right side of the heart pumps blood through vessels to the lungs and back to the left side of the heart through the __________ circulation.

Answer 2

pulmonary

Question 3

We describe the heart as having left and right sides. Anatomically, the heart is tilted, and the left side of heart is located more __________, relative to the right side of the heart.

Answer 3

superiorly

Question 4

Knowing the location of the heart is important for

Answer 4

positioning a stethoscope to hear heart sounds, placing electrodes to record an electrocardiogram, and effective cardiopulmonary resuscitation

Question 5

The epicardium is also known as the

Answer 5

visceral pericardium

Question 6

The __________ has four relatively uniform openings that receive blood from the four pulmonary veins from the lungs.

Answer 6

left atrium

Question 7

The wall of the __________ is much thicker than any other chamber in the heart, which allows for stronger contractions to pump blood through the systemic circulation.

Answer 7

left ventricle

Question 8

The __________ valve is between the right atrium and right ventricle.

Answer 8

tricuspid valve

Question 9

Beginning with the return from the systemic circulation, blood enters the

Answer 9

right atrium

Question 10

Blood then flows through the __________and enters the right ventricle.

Answer 10

tricuspid valve

Question 11

Contraction forces blood up through the ___________ and into the _________, which take the blood to the lungs.

Answer 11

pulmonary semilunar valve, pulmonary arteries

Question 12

The __________ bring oxygenated blood back to the _________ of the heart.

Answer 12

pulmonary veins, left atrium

Question 13

Blood then flows through the _________ valve and into the left ventricle.

Answer 13

bicuspid

Question 14

When the heart contracts, blood is forced through the ______________ and into the _______, which distributes blood to the systemic circulation.

Answer 14

aortic semilunar valve, aorta

Question 15

During __________, the AV valves are open, and blood flows from the atria into the ventricles.

Answer 15

passive ventricular filling

Question 16

what happens during ventricular systole

Answer 16

The ventricles contract, The atrioventricular valves close, The semilunar valves open, and Blood is ejected through the aorta and the pulmonary trunk

Question 17

The atrioventricular valves open during

Answer 17

ventricular diastole

Question 18

In the heart, an action potential originates in the

Answer 18

sinoatrial node.

Question 19

what is the sequence of an action potential travelling through the heart.

Answer 19

Sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, atrioventricular bundle, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers

Question 20

In the conduction system of the heart, ___________.

Answer 20

action potentials pass slowly through the atrioventricular node

Question 21

Which of the following correctly lists the events that occur during the depolarization phase of cardiac muscle cells?

Answer 21

Voltage-gated Na+ channels open, voltage-gated K+ channels close, voltage-gated Ca2+ channels begin to open

Question 22

As exercise progresses, muscular activity __________ venous return. This increases the _________ on the right ventricle.

Answer 22

increases; preload

Question 23

When blood pressure increases,

Answer 23

baroreceptors detect the change in the carotid arteries.

Question 24

Chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies detect

Answer 24

oxygen levels, pH, and carbon dioxide

Question 25

Chemoreceptors are located in the carotid and aortic bodies, as well as in the

Answer 25

medulla oblongata.

Question 26

what increases heart rate

Answer 26

Decreased blood oxygen, Increased blood carbon dioxide, and decreased blood pH

Question 27

When blood carbon dioxide levels increase,

Answer 27

blood pH decreases.

Question 28

Decreased levels of extracellular potassium ions causes the resting membrane potential to become __________. As a consequence, it takes _____________ for the membrane to depolarize to threshold.

Answer 28

hyperpolarized; more time

Question 29

The inner lining of the pericardial cavity is the ____________ pericardium, whereas the outer part of the heart wall is called the epicardium or the _______________ pericardium.

Answer 29

parietal; visceral

Question 30

the sarcoplasmic reticulum in cardiac muscle cells is

Answer 30

more irregular than that in skeletal muscle cells, It is in close association with the transverse tubules, and It is involved in the storage and release of calcium.

Question 31

All of the following structural changes found in the heart occur with the normal aging process

Answer 31

hypertrophy of the left ventricle, decreased valve flexibility, and atrophy of conduction cells

Question 32

The respiratory tract is a passageway for air between the external environment and the _________ (air sacs) of the lungs.

Answer 32

alveoli

Question 33

There are two gases that are exchanged during respiration. Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the alveoli while the other gas, ___________ , diffuses from the alveoli into the blood.

Answer 33

oxygen

Question 34

Receptors located in the superior regions of the nasal cavity called ________ receptors detect odors as air moves across them.

Answer 34

olfactory

Question 35

The vocal cords of the _________` (voice box) vibrate as air moves across them to produce sound. Sounds then resonate in upper respiratory structures.

Answer 35

larynx

Question 36

A molecule of air enters the nose through the external nares. what is the correct pathway to the trachea?

Answer 36

Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea

Question 37

What type of cells make up about 90% of the alveolar surface?

Answer 37

Type I pneumocytes

Question 38

Oxygenated blood is carried to the tissues of the lungs via the __________.

Answer 38

bronchial arteries

Question 39

Which of the following muscles increases the volume of the thorax during a normal inhalation? (1) diaphragm (2) external intercostals (3) internal intercostals (4) rectus abdominis

Answer 39

1, 2

Question 40

the lungs and the pleura

Answer 40

Each lung is suspended in a separate pleural cavity.

Question 41

During inspiration, the diaphragm _______ and the volume of the thoracic cavity _________, whereas during expiration, the diaphragm _________ and the volume of the thoracic cavity ___________.

Answer 41

contracts; increases; relaxes; decreases

Question 42

For air to flow into or out of the lungs, there must be

Answer 42

a pressure gradient established between the atmosphere and the alveoli.

Question 43

Surfactant facilitates alveolar ventilation by

Answer 43

decreasing the surface tension between water molecules on the lining of the alveoli.

Question 44

A decrease in the surface area of the respiratory membrane will cause the diffusion rate to

Answer 44

decrease.

Question 45

The part of the respiratory tract where gas exchange does not take place is called _________.

Answer 45

dead space

Question 46

Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged across the respiratory membrane by the process of __________.

Answer 46

diffusion

Question 47

Which of the following does not influence the rate of gas diffusion across the respiratory membrane?

Answer 47

Temperature of the gases

Question 48

Normally, the partial pressure of oxygen gas is higher in the

Answer 48

air within the alveoli.

Question 49

Most oxygen is carried in the blood ______, but most carbon dioxide is ________.

Answer 49

bound to hemoglobin; associated with bicarbonate ions in the plasma

Question 50

As acidity of the blood increases, how is affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen affected?

Answer 50

Affinity decreases

Question 51

what is an effect of aging on the respiratory system?

Answer 51

Increased residual volume

Question 52

During inspiration,

Answer 52

increased alveolar volume causes decreased alveolar pressure.

Question 53

During expiration,

Answer 53

decreased alveolar volume causes increased alveolar pressure.

Question 54

At the arterial ends of the pulmonary capillaries,

Answer 54

the PO2 is lower in the capillaries than in the alveoli.

Question 55

At the venous ends of the pulmonary capillaries,

Answer 55

the PCO2 is equal in the capillaries and in the alveoli.

Question 56

The ranking from highest to lowest PO2 in the area of the arterial ends of the tissue capillaries is

Answer 56

capillaries, tissue fluid, cells.

Question 57

Visible structure on the face _________

Answer 57

External nose

Question 58

Extends from the nares to the choanae ______

Answer 58

Nasal cavity

Question 59

Common opening for digestive and respiratory systems ________

Answer 59

Pharynx

Question 60

Located posterior to the choanae and superior to the soft palate _________

Answer 60

Nasopharynx

Question 61

Extends from the soft palate to the epiglottis ________

Answer 61

Oropharynx

Question 62

Extends from the tip of the epiglottis to the esophagus __________

Answer 62

Laryngopharynx

Question 63

Passageway for air; extends from the base of the tongue to the trachea __________

Answer 63

Larynx

Question 64

8. Windpipe; membranous tube attached to the larynx _________

Answer 64

Trachea

Question 65

Large, conical-shaped organs of respiration __________

Answer 65

Lungs

Question 66

Small, air-filled chambers for where gas exchange takes place _________

Answer 66

Alveoli

Question 67

What does Boyle's Law state about the relationship between pressure and volume of a gas at constant temperature?

Answer 67

Pressure increases as volume decreases

Question 68

During exhalation, the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax. What effect does this have on the pressure in the lungs?

Answer 68

Lung pressure increases

Question 69

How does Boyle's Law explain the mechanics of breathing?

Answer 69

It demonstrates that increasing the volume of the lungs decreases lung pressure, allowing air to flow in

Question 70

What does Dalton's Law state about the pressure of a gas mixture?

Answer 70

The total pressure is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of each gas in the mixture

Question 71

How does Dalton's Law apply to breathing and gas exchange in the lungs?

Answer 71

It shows that oxygen and carbon dioxide exert pressures that affect their diffusion

Question 72

In the context of Henry's Law, what happens to the amount of carbon dioxide dissolved in water if the pressure above the water is increased?

Answer 72

The amount of carbon dioxide increases

Question 73

How does Henry's Law help explain the behavior of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the alveoli?

Answer 73

It illustrates how the partial pressures of these gases affect their solubility in blood