exam 2 Flashcards
(272 cards)
1
Q
Protection against ultraviolet radiation of the sun
A
the skin
2
Q
Functions of the integumentary system
A
Vitamin D production, protection, excretion, temperature regulation, and sensation
3
Q
The most common cell type in the epidermis
A
keratinocytes
4
Q
produced by undifferentiated stem cells in the stratum basale
A
kertinocytes
5
Q
produce proteins and lipids associated with waterproofing of the skin
A
kertinocytes
6
Q
these cells have increase production rates of pigment in darker skinned individuals
A
melanocytes
7
Q
produce a pigment that protects from UV light
A
Melanocytes
8
Q
produce melanin
A
melanocytes
9
Q
cells of the immune system
A
Langerhans cells
10
Q
receptors for touch
A
merkel cells
11
Q
cells associated with nervous system function
A
merkel cells
12
Q
the epidermis consists of____________ epithelium
A
simple squamous
13
Q
Cells of the epidermis called _________are part of the immune system.
A
Langerhans cells
14
Q
Put the layers of the epidermis in order from the deepest to most superficial.
A
Stratum Basale
Stratum spinosum
stratum granulosum
Stratum lucidum
stratum corneum
15
Q
Identify the functions of the integumentary system.
A
resistance to infection, sensation of environment stimuli, thermoregulation
16
Q
If a chemotherapy drug inhibits mitosis, cells from the _________ will be most directly affected.
A
stratum basale
17
Q
contains cells that undergo mitosis to form new epidermal cells.
A
stratum basale
18
Q
Contains 20-30 layers of dead cornified cells
A
stratum corneum
19
Q
Single layer of cuboidal or columnar cells
A
stratum basale
20
Q
Thin, clear zone consisting of several layers of dead cells
A
stratum lucidum
21
Q
Contains three to five layers of flattened, diamond-shaped cells
A
stratum granlusosum
22
Q
Eight to ten layers of many-sided cells
A
stratum spinosum
23
Q
produces a layer of cells that resist abrasion
A
keratinization
24
Q
epithelium, includes 4-5 strata, avascular, and keratinized stratified squamous
A
epidermis
25
composed of areolar and dense irregular connective tissue
dermis
26
includes hair follicles, glands, and blood vessels
dermis
27
contains the papillary and reticular layers
dermis
28
not part of the skin
subcutaneous tissue
29
deep to the dermis
subcutaneous tissue
30
contains a large proportion of adipose tissue
subcutaneous tissue
31
The epidermal layer _________blank is only found in thick skin.
stratum lucidum
32
A deficiency of ___________causes a blueness of the skin called________
oxygen, cyanosis
33
when blood flow through the skin is very low and the skin appears pale and white, this is called
pallor
34
when the liver does not adequately excrete bilirubin, the skin appears_____, called _______
yellow, jaundice
35
hot weather, exercise, embarrassment, and anger can cause a ________of the skin called______
redness, erythema
36
a mass of clotted blood showing through the skin is called a bruise, or a ____
hematoma
37
The two layers of the dermis, from deep to superficial, are the _________blank.
reticular layer and papillary layer
38
contains papillae that project toward the epidermis
papillary layer
39
primary areolar connective tissue
papillary layer
40
organized as loosely arranged thin fibers
papillary layer
41
supplies the overlying epidermis with nutrients
papillary layer
42
primarily dense irregular connective tissue
reticular layer
43
composed a majority of the dermis
reticular layer
44
continuous with the subcutaneous tissue
reticular layer
45
organized in irregulary arranged fibers that are resistant to stretching in mnay directions
reticular layer
46
forms cleavage (tension) lines
reticular layer
47
tissue is resistant to stretching in many directions
reticular layer
48
Blood vessels in the _________blank supply epidermal cells with nutrients.
dermis
49
carotene is acquired from _______ vegetables
carotene
50
in the body, carotene is converted to
viatmin a
51
the black or brown pigment that is produced in response to light exposure is
melanin
52
the amount of melanin in the skin is partially determined by
heredity
53
normal skin color is a result of the combination of hemoglobin, melanin, and
carotene
54
the oxygen-binding protein that gives skin its reddish tint is
hemoglobin
55
Melanin is found in which cells?
both melanocytes and keratinocytes
56
When comparing the dermis with the subcutaneous tissue, the dermis
is divided into two layers; the subcutaneous tissue is not
57
approximately half of the bodys stored lipids are in the
subcutaneous tissue
58
attaches the skin to underlying bone and muscle tissue
subcutaneous tissue
59
consists of loose connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers
subcutaneous tissue
60
protrudes above the surface of the skin
hair shaft
61
central axis of the hair
medulla
62
portion of the dermis that surrounds the epithelial root sheath
dermal root sheath
63
contains the hair; consists of epithelial and dermal root sheaths
hair follicle
64
Expanded knob at the base of the hair root
hair bulb
65
The portion of the hair that is below the surface of the skin
root
66
Forms the bulk of the hair; consists of cells containing hard keratin
cortex
67
Outer layer of the hair; single layer of cells containing hard keratin
cuticle
68
Mass of epithelial cells within the bulb that produce the hair
matrix
69
Delicate unpigmented hairs that cover the fetus in early development are called _________blank.
lanugo hairs
70
Normally, hair is in a/an _________blank position, but contraction of the arrector pili muscles causes the hair to be in a/an _________blank position.
oblique; perpendicular
71
The sweat glands that produce a watery substance and are associated with exercise and stress are the _________blank sweat glands, while glands that produce an organic substance that causes body odor are the _________blank sweat glands.
eccrine; apocrine
72
what does antibitoics do
some "good" bacteria are reduced, some "bad" bacteria are reduced, some new bacterial infection can begin, some new bacterial infections can be prevented, some "good" bacteria can become resistant and therefore lead to more infections, and some "bad" bacteria can become resistant and therefor lead to more infections
73
The portion of the stratum corneum of the nail fold that grows onto the nail body
cuticle
74
Whitish, crescent-shaped area at the base of the nail
lunula
75
Skin that covers the lateral and proximal edges of the nail
nail fold
76
Proximal to the nail root; produces the nail
nail matrix
77
Beneath the free edge of the nail body; a thickened region of the stratum corneum
hyponychium
78
Composed of epithelial tissue; located between the nail matrix and hyponychium
nail bed
79
Name the layer from which fingernails and toenails are derived.
epidermis
80
Nerve fibers scattered throughout the dermis are associated with
muscles, glands, and sensory recpetors
81
When you dive into a cold swimming pool, explain what happens in order to maintain homeostasis.
The blood flow from the deeper tissues through the dermis decreases, causing a decreased loss of body heat through the skin.
82
Explain why your skin feels hot when you have a fever.
The body is attempting to maintain homeostasis by increasing heat loss through the skin, and blood vessel dilation in the dermis is allowing increased blood flow from the deeper tissues to the skin.
83
Blood vessel dilation in the dermis results in _________blank heat loss from the skin, and blood vessel constriction results in _________blank heat loss from the skin.
increased; decreased
84
Which vitamin begins its synthesis in the skin exposed to ultraviolet light?
Vitamin D
85
People who live in cold, northern regions often have limited exposure to UV light, but do not suffer from vitamin D deficiency. What is one possible explanation?
They get enough vitamin D in their diet.
86
The dermis contains receptors that detect _________
changes in pressure, pain, touch, and variations in temperature
87
We easily recognize bones as central to the skeletal system, but we have another component that is associated with bone and provides cushioning, structural support, and aids in bone repair. What is this component being described?
cartilage
88
Ligaments attach _________blank.
bone to bone
89
Bones play an important role in regulating blood _________blank levels, which must be maintained within narrow limits for functions such as muscle contraction and membrane potentials to occur normally.
calcium
90
The bones of the skeleton provide structure to the body and serve as a ____________
to hold up the body and maintain proper positioning of some organs.
support
91
The skull, pelvis, ribs, vertebral column, and sternum provide ____________ to many delicate organs of the body by encasing them in hardened shell-like or caged structures.
protection
92
The _____________ of the entire skeleton or skeletal elements utilizes the anchoring of muscles to attachment sites on the bones which then serve as levers.
movement
93
Minerals can be stored in the skeleton which acts as a reservoir, storing or releasing minerals as needed to maintain _______________ throughout the body.
electrolyte balance
94
Contained within the spongy sections of bones, marrow is responsible for _________
blood formation
95
can serve as a precursor for the formation of long bones in the body.
hyaline cartilage
96
give cartilage its resilient nature.
Proteoglycan molecules in the matrix of cartilage
97
Hyaline cartilage consists of specialized cells called _________blank that produce a matrix surrounding themselves. When matrix surrounds these cells they become _________blank that are trapped in lacunae.
chondroblasts; chondrocytes
98
In _________blank growth of cartilage, chondroblasts in the perichondrium add new cartilage to the outside edge of the existing cartilage.
appositional
99
In _________blank growth of cartilage, chondrocytes within the tissue divide and add more matrix between the existing cells.
interstitial
100
Bone-forming cells that produce collagen and proteoglycans and release matrix vesicles are called _________blank.
osteoblasts
101
Bone cells called _________blank have processes that lie in canaliculi.
osteocytes
102
are the basic units in compact bone tissue.
osteons
103
Osteocytes send long, slender cell processes down narrow passageways called _________blank. These passageways connect osteocytes both with each other, and with the blood supply of the osteon.
canaliculi
104
Structures called _________blank house blood vessels that carry blood from the medullary cavity and periosteum to the osteon. These passages run perpendicular to the long axis of the bone.
perforating canals
105
Found in the medullary cavity and is mainly adipose tissue
yellow marrow
106
Large cavity within the shaft
medullary cavity
107
Connective tissue that serves as a site of blood cell production
red marrow
108
Hyaline cartilage covering where a bone forms a join
articular cartilage
109
Connective tissue membrane lining the inner cavities of bones
endosteum
110
The end(s) of long bones
epiphysis
111
The shaft of the bone
diaphysis
112
Growth plate between the diaphysis and epiphysis
epiphyseal plate
113
Connective tissue membrane covering most of the outer surface
periosteum
114
An x-ray determines that Philip fractured the shaft of his humerus. The break is in the _________blank of the bone
diaphysis
115
Some flat and irregular bones of the skull have air-filled spaces called _________blank.
sinuses
116
steps of intramembranous ossification in order
1. Mesenchymal cells become osteochondral progenitor cells.
2. Osteochondral progenitor cells become osteoblasts.
3. Osteoblasts lay down bone matrix around existing collagen fibers.
4. Osteoblasts become osteocytes as they become surrounded by bony matrix.
5. Trabeculae of woven bone and periosteum form.
6. Woven bone is converted to lamellar bone
117
The flat bones of the skull develop from _________blank in a process called intramembranous ossification.
mesenchyme
118
In endochondral ossification, chondroblasts produce a _________blank cartilage model that has the approximate shape of the bone to be formed.
hyaline
119
A concentric ring of bone produced during bone growth is called a/an _________blank.
lamella
120
The entire complex of concentric rings and cells that surround a single central canal is called a/an _________blank.
osteon
121
Elongation of bones through endochondral ossification requires the zone of resting cartilage where normal ______ cartilage persists near the epiphysis.
hyaline
122
The ______________ is marked by an expansive production of chondrocytes that align in rows in order to replenish those undergoing calcification.
zone of cell proliferation
123
The next layer is the_____________ where the existing, columnar chondrocytes mature and enlarge and thus force the separations between lacunae to become very thin.
zone of hypertrophy
124
Hypertrophied chondrocytes lie within a region containing calcified cartilage matrix in the
zone of calcification
125
The osteoblasts lay down new bone matrix by
appositional growth
126
Compared to other tissues, normal bone growth requires higher amounts of _________blank, _________blank, and _________blank in the diet.
calcium; phosphate; and vitamin D
127
The growth spurt seen in puberty is triggered by _________blank.
sex hormones
128
Bone remodeling may occur
as bones grow, as bones adjust to stress, as fractures heal, constantly during a persons lifetime
129
One effect of aging on the skeletal system is
decreased collagen fibers
130
Bones in the legs, arms, spine and pelvis grow
at different rates
131
Which of the following is not considered a weight-bearing activity?
swimming
132
Trusses and arches, which help form an internal scaffolding network, are found in
trabecular bone
133
During development, some bones arise from thick connective tissue membranes in a process known as _________blank bone formation, and other bones arise from a hyaline cartilage model in a process known as _________blank bone formation.
intramembranous; endochondral
134
The epiphyses of the clavicles are formed by _________blank.
endochondral ossification
135
Osteoclasts and osteoblasts that travel through or across the bone surface removing and replacing old bone matrix are collectively called a/an _________blank.
basic multicellular unit
136
Joints are classified structurally according to the _________blank that binds them, and functionally according to their _________blank.
connective tissue; degree of motion
137
Joints made up of fibrocartilage that are sometimes flexible are _________blank.
symphyses
138
_________blank is an example of a joint that contains hyaline cartilage.
An intercarpal joint
139
The joint capsule of synovial joints consists of an outer _________blank and an inner _________blank.
fibrous layer; synovial membrane
140
The synovial fluid in synovial joints consists of _________blank.
serum filtrate, hyaluronic acid, proteins
141
The multiaxial joint in which the spherical end of one bone fits into the cuplike socket of the other bone is called a _________blank joint.
ball-and-socket
142
Which of these joints is correctly matched to the type of synovial joint?
Cubital (elbow) - hinge
143
Flexion of the forearm is an example of a/an _________blank type of movement.
angular
144
Adduction and abduction are examples of _________blank movements.
angular
145
Beginning in anatomical position, what movements of the forearm are involved in bending your elbow and then turning your forearm so that your palm faces the floor?
Flexion and pronation
146
A soccer player rushes toward a ball, considering two options, kicking the ball hard to the left or kicking it hard to the right. In kicking to the left or right, the joint that will influence the direction most significantly is the __________, and will largely involve ___________ of that joint.
hip joint; rotation
147
The passive and active ranges of joint mobility are
about the same
148
What limits a joint's range of motion?
Bones are joined by ligaments that limit their movement, Well-exercised muscles of a shoulder joint will limit the possibility of a dislocation, Joint movement is limited by the shapes of the bone's articular surfaces, When extending the elbow, it is the shape of the olecranon of the ulna and the olecranon fossa of the humerus that limit its range of motion
149
If you were to insert a needle through the skin at the patella, the structures you would hit, in order, would be
subcutaneous prepatellar bursa, patellar ligament, patella
150
The largest bursa of the knee joint allows the anterior thigh muscles to move over the distal end of the femur. This is called the _________blank .
suprapatellar bursa
151
Disuse of a joint results in _________blank range of motion, and swelling of tissues surrounding a joint results in _________blank range of motion.
decreased; decreased
152
Which of the following are age-related changes with the joints?
Range of motion decreases, Production of synovial fluid decreases, The rate of cartilage replacement decreases
153
Cartilaginous joints unite two bones by means of _________blank .
cartilage
154
this joint is the attachment of a tooth to its socket
gomphosis
155
the term refers to its similarity to a peg hammered into a hole
gomphosis
156
this joint is held firmly in place by a fibrous periodontal ligament
gomphosis
157
a joint whose fibers are longer and the attached bones are more movable
syndesmoses
158
a joint where two bones are bound by longer collagenous fibers
syndesmoses
159
joint that binds the distal ends of the tibia and fibula together
syndesmoses
160
the joint between the shafts of the radius and ulna
syndesmoses
161
The attachment of a tooth to its socket is classified as a joint called a __________
syndesmosis.
162
In gomphosis joints, two bones are linked by
cartilage
163
What are some good ways to prevent effects of aging on the joints?
take aspirin daily, be as sedentary as possible
164
protects against UV light, microorganisms, water loss
protection
165
sensory receptors for heat, cold, touch, pressure, pain
sensation
166
modulation of blood flow through the skin and activity of sweat glands
temperature regulation
167
from a molecule made in the skin when exposed to UV light
vitamin D production
168
small amounts of waste products eliminated
excretion
169
superficial layer of stratified squamous epithelial tissue
epidermis
170
protection and reduces water loss
epidermis
171
deep layer of connective tissue
dermis
172
not part of the skin, loose connective tissue that connects skin to underlying structures
hypodermis (subcutaneous tissue)
173
innermost layer, attached to the basement membrane
stratum basale
174
form epidermal ridges that interdigitate with dermis (increase SA)
stratum basale
175
dominant cell type is basale cells (stem cells); divide to produce cells that move into the upper layers
stratum basale
176
other cell types include sensory cells (merkel cells) and melanocytes (produce melanin)
stratum basale
177
composed of keratinocytes held together by desmosomes
stratum spinosum
178
include special cells for defense (langerhan cells)
stratum spinosum
179
cells no longer divide, lose nucleus and organelles
stratum granulosum
180
accumulate keratinocytes granules and lamellated granules (waterproofing material)
stratum granulosum
181
clear layer, only found in thick skin, dead keratinocytes
stratum lucidum
182
superficial layer 20-30 cell layers
stratum corneum
183
cells filled with keratin and surround by waterproofing material
stratum corneum
184
cells still held together by desmosomes
stratum corneum
185
loose connective tissue, contains capillaries and sensory neurons
papillary
186
papillae extend between the epidermal ridges
papillary
187
dense irregular connective tissue
reticular
188
collagen and elastic fibers extend into papillary layer and the subcutaneous tissue (layer of tissue underlying the dermis)
reticular
189
blood vessels, roots of hair follicles, and smooth muscles, sebaceous glands, sweat glands
reticular
190
most abundant cell type in the integumentary system
keratinocytes
191
cell type that contributes to skin color
melanocytes
192
major pigment for protection from UV radiation
melanin
193
blue color caused by decrease in blood oxygen content
cynosis
194
what are some of the major accessory structures of the integumentary system?
nails, hair, and glands
195
death of secretory cells
holocrine
196
oily secretion called
sebum
197
prevents drying and inhibits some bacteria
sebaceous
198
most empty into hair follicle
sebaceous
199
secretory products are stored in the cells of the gland. entire cells are shed by the gland and become part of the secretion. the lost cells are replaced by other cells deeper in the gland
holocrine gland
200
merocrine and apocrine glands
sudoriferous glands (sweat glands)
201
most common; numerous in palms and soles
sweat glands
202
simple coiled tubular glands
sweat glands
203
open directly onto surface of skin, have own pores
sweat glands
204
important role in body temperature regulation, may also produce pheromones
sweat glands
205
bone is hard and rigid; cartilage is flexible yet strong. cartilage in nose, external ear, thoracic cage and trachea. ligaments-connect bone to bone
support
206
skull around brain; ribs, sternum, vertebrae protect organs of thoracic cavity
protection
207
produced by muscles attached to bones via tendons. ligaments allow some movement between bones but prevent excessive movement
movement
208
calcium and phosphate stored and released as needed. adipose tissue stored in marrow cavities
storage
209
bone marrow that gives rise to blood cells and platelets
blood cell production
210
cell that creates bone cell
osteoblasts
211
maintain bone
osteocytes
212
breaks down bonw
osteoclasts
213
space that bone cells are in
lacunae
214
canals that connect osteocytes. calleous transportation of resources
canaliculi
215
cartilage found randomly. found when bone is first forming
woven bone
216
bone after its developed
lamellar bone
217
makes up spongy bone
trabeculae
218
inside bone
spongy bone
219
makes up the outside; much thicker; contains osteocytes
compact bone
220
double layered CT sheath that covers cartilage except joints
perichondrium
221
CT that covers bone at joints
articular cartilage
222
joint that is united by connective tissue, has no cavity, and exhibits little to no movement. includes sutures and gomphoses
fibrous
223
joint that unites two bones with pad of cartilage. includes synchondroses and symphyses
cartilages
224
most complex type of joint. allows for considerable movement. complex
synovial
225
found in epiphysis
articular cartilage
226
surrounds joint
joint cavity
227
inner membrane of joint (has not circulatory tissue)
synovial membrane
228
outermost layer of joint capsule
fibrous capsule
229
in the capsule
synovial fluid
230
pocket around joint filled with synovial joint
bursae
231
pods found in back of knee; offer support
menisci
232
outer covering that covers a muscle at a point of attachment
tendon sheaths
233
two types of motion
active and passive
234
articulating surfaces moved out of alignment
luxation (dislocation)
235
partial dislocation
subluxation
236
damaged a ligament from stretching or tearing
sprain
237
a complete organ surrounded by muscular fascia and epimysium; has may blood vessels and nerves, including motor neurons that stimulate contraction
whole muscle
238
bundle of muscle fibers within the entire muscle; surrounded by the connective tissue layer, perimysium
fasicle
239
individual muscle cell within a fascicle; surrounded by the connective tissue layer, endomysium
fiber
240
groups of contractile proteins within individual muscle fibers; surrounded by specialized endoplasmic reticulum, called sarcoplasmic reticulum
myofibris
241
protein filaments, either myosin or actin; interact to shorten the muscle fiber during contraction
myofilaments
242
attached to bones, straited
skeletal
243
walls of hollow organs, blood vessels, eyes, glands, and skin; not striated
smooth
244
heart, striated
cardiac
245
long cylinder, multi nucleus, no special cell to cell attachments, striations
skeletal muscle
246
spindle shaped, single nucleus, gap junctions join some visceral muscle cells together, nonstriated
smooth muscle
247
branching, single nucleus, intercalated disks join cells to one another, striated
cardiac muscles
248
voluntary nervous
skeletal muscle
249
nervous and endocrine (hormone)
smooth and cardiac muscle
250
is not capable of spontaneous contractions
skeletal muscles
251
only some are capable of spontaneous contractions
smooth muscle
251
252
is capable of spontaneous contractions
cardiac muscles
253
controlling body movements
skeletal muscle
254
moving food through the digestive tract, emptying the urinary bladder, regulating blood vessel diameter, changing pupil size, contracting many gland ducts, moving hair, and many other functions
smooth muscle
255
pumping blood; contractions provide the major force for propelling blood through blood vessels
cardiac muscles
256
the cell membrane of a muscle fiber
sarcolemma
257
allows electric signals to conduct deeply into muscle fbers
transverse tubules
258
modified for calcium in muscle fibers
sarcoplasmic reticulum
259
what stimulates the muscle fibers
motor neuron
260
what is the functional unit of the muscle called? the smallest contractile part
sarcomere
261
part of neurons system; axon
presynaptic terminal
262
on muscle fiber
postsynaptic terminal
263
releases calcium
sarcoplasmic reticulum
264
thicker: myosin
thinner: actin; myosin attaches to it
myofilaments
265
has to have calcium attached
troponin
266
travels along sarcolemma until it gets to T-Tubule and stimulates sarcoplasmic reticulum
action potential
267
what is the sliding filament model
myosin is pulling on actin inwards
268
contracts quickly, has less blood supply, with fewer mitochondria
fast twitch type 2
269
contracts slowly, has a good blood supply and is more fatigue resistant
slow twitch type 1
270
smooth muscle doesn't have many; has dense bodies
sarcomeres
271
more in smooth muscle
actin
