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Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Protestant Reformation Precursors

A

Wycliffe and Jan Hus who was burned at the stake

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2
Q

Ecclesiastical corruptions in the church:

A

○ Simony-sale of church offices
○ Politicization of the church
○ Accumulation of wealth for monasteries and churches
○ Indulgences sales (granting of a full or partial pardon of the penalty/satisfaction for a sin.)

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3
Q

What spurred the reformation?

A

“perfect storm”- economic, political, and social factors. (invention of the printing press)

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4
Q

What was the medieval Catholic view of justification?

A

§ Justification is a process initiated by God’s grace and enabled by God’s grace but calls for human cooperation by deeds of charity and piety.

§ Initiated in baptism-progresses in Christian life-completed in purgatory-fully realized in heaven.

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5
Q

What was Luther’s discovery about justification from the book of Romans?

A

Justification is by faith alone

Justification is not a process but “passive”-the gift of Christ’s righteousness is “imputed to the believer and declared righteous.

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6
Q

What were two major complaints Luther made in his 95 Theses?

A

The Pope should free souls from purgatory out of mercy, not for money (Thesis 82).
The Church should help the poor instead of taking their last coins (Thesis 51).

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7
Q

What happened at the Diet of Worms in 1521?

A

Luther was told to recant his writings. He refused, saying: “Here I stand, I can do no other.”

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8
Q

What are the core principles of Luther’s theology?

A

Sola fide: Justification by faith alone

Sola scriptura: Authority of Scripture alone, not tradition

Priesthood of all believers: All Christians have access to God, not just clergy

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9
Q

What is purgatory?

A

A realm in the afterlife where saved souls are purified of imperfections before entering heaven.

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10
Q

How did Zwingli’s path to reform differ from Luther’s?

A

Zwingli’s reform ideas came from humanist study, while Luther’s stemmed from an existential religious crisis.

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11
Q

Ulrich Zwingli believed in sola scriptura which condemned against the practice of:

A

Sale of indulgences
Pilgrimages and relics
Fasting during Lent
Priestly celibacy

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12
Q

Sola scriptura-

A

Bible is the Word of God, rejected practices not explicitly set forth in scripture.

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13
Q

How was Zwingli’s view of reason different from Luther’s?

A

Zwingli had a positive view of reason, influenced by Neoplatonism.

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14
Q

What did Zwingli believe about predestination?

A

He saw it as a logical conclusion of God’s omniscience and omnipotence.

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15
Q

How did Zwingli view the sacraments?

A

He believed they were symbolic signs, not channels of divine grace.

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16
Q

Different views of the Eucharist

A

Transubstantiation – Catholic: Bread/wine become body/blood of Christ

Consubstantiation – Luther: Christ is with the bread and wine

Symbolic – Zwingli: Bread and wine are symbols of Christ’s body and blood

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17
Q

How did Anabaptists apply sola scriptura?

A

Logically:
○ Believer’s baptism (rejection of infant baptism)-personal response and confession of faith standards at the heart of the Christian faith
○ Believers’ church-baptized believers only; egalitarian
○ Separation from the world/society
○ Biblical ethics (sermon on the Mount)-pacifism; no oath taking

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18
Q

Who were the Anabaptists in the Reformation?

A

Radical reformers known as the “Protestants of the Protestants,” with diverse beliefs and practices.

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19
Q

How were Anabaptists treated by others?

A

They were heavily persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants.

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20
Q

What did the Anabaptists do at Münster?

A

They attempted to establish a communal theocratic government based on their interpretation of the Bible, particularly the Old Testament. This event, known as the Münster Rebellion, involved a period of political and religious upheaval that ultimately ended violently.

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21
Q

Who are some Anabaptist-related groups? (spiritual Cousins)

A

Baptists and quakers

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22
Q

English Reformation levels:

A
  1. Constitutional/Monarchial Reformation
  2. Religious/theological Reformation (puritans)
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23
Q

Who established the Church of England and why?

A

Henry VIII established the Church of England due to his conflict with the Pope over his marriage.

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24
Q

What major action did Henry VIII take regarding monasteries?

A

He dissolved the monasteries, seizing their wealth and assets, in order to strengthen his power and finances.

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25
What was the book of common prayer and how did it impact England’s religious practices?
The Book of Common Prayer was authored by Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury, it provided standardized Protestant services in English, replacing Latin, and helped solidify the Church of England’s break from Catholicism.
26
What was Elizabeth I’s religious stance?
Elizabeth I was Protestant but sensitive to Catholic traditions in worship.
27
What is the "Elizabethan Settlement"?
The Elizabethan Settlement was her effort to find a middle ground ("via media") between Protestantism and Catholicism, establishing a moderate form of Anglicanism that would appeal to both sides.
28
What were the main goals of the Puritans during the Reformation?
The Puritans sought to remove any trace of "popery" from worship, including priestly vestments and the use of the crucifix.
28
What were the main goals of the Puritans during the Reformation?
The Puritans sought to remove any trace of "popery" from worship, including priestly vestments and the use of the crucifix.
29
What church structure did the Puritans prefer?
They were part of a broader iconoclastic movement in Protestantism and preferred a presbytery or congregational church structure instead of a hierarchical one with bishops.
30
Separatists
contraguitarist Baptist
31
What new religious orders emerged during the Catholic Reformation?
○ Discalced Carmelites-St. Teresa of Avila ○ Society of Jesus (Jesuits)- Ignatius Loyola (spiritual exercises). They Pledged obedience to the papacy and had an Emphasis on missions
32
Fancis Xavier
Founding member of the Jesuits He traveled to India spreading Christianity and establishing churches. Later, he journeyed to Japan, becoming one of the first Christian missionaries to preach there, adapting his methods to local customs and language. In India, Francis Xavier was a missionary who played a key role in the spread of Christianity.
33
What was the Council of Trent and what did it do for believers?
○ Addresses issues raised by Protestant Reformation ○ Made the vulgate (Latin Translation)-official Bible/canon ○ Gave authority-scripture and Tradition ○ Affirmed the Seven Sacraments ○ Justification by faith and acts of love, a collaboration between God's grace and the believer
34
Trent (Catholic view) of Justification:
Justification is a process and destination. We become righteous through a collaboration of God's grace and the believer's good deeds, which are enabled by grace.
35
Luther (Protestant view):
Justification is an event. We are imputed with Christ’s righteousness and declared righteous by faith alone.
36
Who was John Calvin, and what was his key work?
A second-generation reformer (1509–1564). Led reforms in Geneva, creating a "holy commonwealth" based on Protestant principles. Wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion, a foundational work in Reformed theology.
37
How do we know God the Creator according to Calvin?
Through human experience and nature, though sin distorts our ability to know God. Scripture is from God, inspired by the Holy Spirit, and interpreted through the Spirit’s illumination, not just by church authority.
38
What is Calvin’s view on knowing God the Redeemer?
Humanity is deeply sinful and depraved. Christ bore humanity's sin and experienced God's wrath as a substitute.
39
How does Calvin describe justification?
Justification is by God’s grace through election (including double predestination). Also by faith, which is conviction in God's electing grace.
40
What did Calvin believe about the Eucharist?
Christ is spiritually present, not physically present in the elements.
40
What does TULIP stand for in Calvinist theology?
T – Total depravity U – Unconditional election L – Limited atonement I – Irresistible grace P – Perseverance of the saints
41
Arminianism: Who was Jacob Arminius, and what did he critique?
A Dutch theologian who critiqued Hyper-Calvinism. Argued that Calvinism made God the author of sin, made Christ secondary, and disregarded human faith in salvation. He believed it treats people as saved or not saved completely apart from being believers or sinners
42
How does Arminianism view election and damnation?
God elects or damns individuals based on His foreknowledge of who will believe or not believe—not by arbitrary decision.
43
What is prevenient grace in Arminian theology?
It’s the grace that comes before salvation. It initiates and enables human free will to repent and believe, without forcing the decision.
44
What did the Scientific Revolution introduce?
Introduced the scientific method and mathematical explanations of the universe.
45
Philosophical/intellectual development introduced:
Rationalism Empiricism
46
rationalism:
reason as the primary, perhaps only, way of knowledge Truth can be discovered through logical thinking and deduction. Often emphasizes innate ideas (we’re born with some knowledge). Revelation and faith are considered less reliable than human reason. § Descartes -"I think therefore I am"
47
Empiricism
Raw material of knowledge is experience Key thinkers: Locke and Hume. Critiqued pure reason, contributing to skepticism of revealed religion. all knowledge comes from experience, especially through our senses—what we see, hear, touch, taste, and smell.
48
Characteristics of Modernity
Reason and science are seen as all-powerful (omnicompetent). Revelation is secondary or dismissed. Uniformity of nature — no room for supernatural intervention. Optimism about human progress through education and science; human sinfulness downplayed.
49
What did Kant contribute to modern philosophy?
Developed the categorical imperative: “Act as if the maxim of your action were to become through your will a universal law of nature.” Ethics grounded in reason, not necessarily revelation.
50
What is the primary authority in Deism?
Reason and natural laws—not revelation or traditional religious doctrines.
51
How does Deism describe God?
As a “Watchmaker” God—God created the universe but does not intervene in its workings. The world runs according to natural laws.
52
What influenced the development of Deism?
The Enlightenment, with its emphasis on reason. Religious wars of the 17th century, such as the Thirty Years' War and the Puritan Revolt, which caused disillusionment with organized religion.
53
What is pietism?
A PROTESTANT movement emphasizing “heart religion”—a personal, emotional, and practical faith, focusing on genuine devotion and transformation.
54
British pietism
Developed through the Methodists, leading to broader British evangelicalism.
55
American pietism
Took form in Revivalist movements, eventually shaping broader American evangelicalism.
56
German pietism
Pietists
57
What did Pietism react against?
Pietism was a reaction against Protestant Scholasticism and the religious wars,
58
What are key characteristics of Pietism?
Experiential faith – Emphasis on conversion and regeneration Irenic faith – "In essentials unity, in non-essentials liberty, in all things charity" Living faith – Daily sanctification through prayer, meditation, and Bible reading Active faith – Social transformation through charitable institutions and missions
59
How did Pietists engage in missions and social reform?
They sought to transform society by establishing charitable institutions and supporting missionary activity, blending spiritual renewal with social action.
59
How did Pietists practice sanctification?
They practiced daily prayer, meditation, Bible reading, and formed study/prayer groups to grow in holiness and accountability.
60
Irenic faith
"in essentials unity, in non-essentials liberty, in all things charity/love"
61
Experiential faith
conversion/regeneration
62
Who was the founder of Methodism, and what group did he start at Oxford?
John Wesley founded Methodism and started the "Holy Club" at Oxford, where members were called "methodists" for their methodical approach to spirituality.
63
What significant event happened to John Wesley in 1738?
Wesley experienced a personal "conversion" at a meeting on Aldersgate Street, where he felt his "heart strangely warmed."
64
What are the four sources of authority in the Wesleyan Quadrilateral?
Scripture, Reason, Tradition, and Experience.
65
Wesley Contributions/characteristics
"Quadrilateral sources of authority" Perfection through sanctification (arminianism) Holiness movement
66
Holiness movement
second work a grace/blessing that results in "entire sanctification" -Christian perfection in holiness (free from sin)
67
Wesley's Perfection through sanctification (Arminianism)
Love of god and our neighbor rules our tempters, words, and actions.
68
What is the "grand" contribution by Baptists to the Christian tradition?
Religious Liberty
69
Who were key figures in the founding of the Baptist tradition?
John Smith and Thomas Helwys.
70
From what group did the Baptists emerge in the 17th century?
English Separatists or Dissenters.
71
What were the main religious characteristics of the Southern Colonies?
Church of England was established by law in Virginia, Carolinas, and Georgia (no bishops); Maryland was Catholic but tolerated Protestants.
72
What characterized the New England Colonies religiously?
Dominated by Puritans aiming to build a holy commonwealth based on covenant theology; Rhode Island was an exception, promoting religious freedom under Roger Williams.
73
What was the religious climate in the Mid-Atlantic Colonies?
Pennsylvania and New York were known for religious toleration and liberty.
74
What were the First and Second Great Awakenings and where did they occur?
First Great Awakening (1730–1770): Primarily in New England and New York. Second Great Awakening (1790–1830): Primarily in the Southern colonies and the American frontier.
75
Revivalism
Emphasis on conversion experience Emotionalism "Heart religion" (linked to pietism); Influenced American evangelicalism Johnathan Edwards; George Whitefield were key figures in revivalism and the first great awakening
76
Why were early colonists not interested in converting slaves to Christianity?
○ Christian tradition prohibited Christians from holding fellow believers in slavery. ○ Enslavers therefore, preferred that their enslaved persons not be baptized ○ In 1667, Virginia passed a law stating that baptism did not change an enslaved person's condition
77
Why would the enslaved be attracted to Christianity?
○ Africans had a strong religious tradition, emphasizing experiences with the spirit world; water was a special medium with the divine. ○ Revivalism with the second great awakening; slaves favored Methodist and Baptist churches. ○ Spiritual, religious experiences (encounters with the sacred) gave slaves a sense of dignity and self-worth (an alternative to their de humanizing condition) ○ The Gospel’s message that God loves all people, saves all people, and therefore all are equal in God’s sight.
78
Variety of Contexts for Worship
Common for the enslaved and slave-holders to worship together, though segregated. Took communion after non-slaves; listened to same sermon but white ministers often added a concluding remark for slaves to be obedient to masters.
79
What were “hush arbors” or “stealing away to Jesus”?
Secret worship gatherings held by enslaved people away from their slaveholders’ surveillance. These offered more freedom but came with the risk of severe punishment.

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