Exam 3

Question 1

what is afterload

Answer 1

• pressure the heart must pump against to eject blood
• pressure of aorta
• mean arterial pressure
• aortic mean pressure

Question 2

what is cardiovascular drift

Answer 2

increased HR that occurs with no change in workload during endurance exercise

Question 3

what are the different breathing irregularities that could affect exercise? how would they affect exercise?

Question 4

how is maximum heart rate estimated

Answer 4

Tanaka equation
- HRmax = 208 - (0.7 x age)

Question 5

how is max HR affected by training

Answer 5

• HR increases as exercise intensity increases up to maximal heart rate

Question 6

how is max HR affected by age

Answer 6

max HR decreases as age increases

Question 7

Karvonen formula

Question 8

how is the Karvonen formula used to calculate target heart rate

Question 9

how and when is HR used to monitor exercise intenstity

Answer 9

Derived from LT or VT or RPE scale

Question 10

what is the percentage of cardiac output that is distribute to skeletal muscles during rest

Answer 10

15-20%

Question 11

what is the percentage of cardiac output that is distributed to skeletal muscles during exercise

Answer 11

80-85%

Question 12

how does the body increase blood flow to certain areas of the body while decreasing blood flow to others

Answer 12

Decreased blood flow to less active organs, redistribution depends on metabolic rate and exercise intensity

Question 13

how does SV increase with exercise

Answer 13

• during exercise, more blood is pumped back to heart so there is more blood to be pumped, which increases SV
• frank starling method, increased contractility via sympathetic nerve stimulation or circulating catecholamine (EPI & NORE release from adrenal medulla), reduced afterload (LV can eject greater volume because semilunar valve remains open longer)

Question 14

how is SV altered with posture (laying down, standing)

Answer 14

SV upright exercise: SV doubles from resting to maximal values
- SV supine exercises: SV increases about 20-40%
- This happens because blood does not pool in legs, blood returns easier to heart→ resting SV are higher in supine position vs. upright position

Question 15

how are SV of elite athletes different from SV of trained and untrained individuals

Answer 15

• increases up to 40-60% VO2max in untrained & up to max levels in trained

Question 16

explain the integration of the cardiovascular system’s response to exercise

Answer 16

Increased LV wall thickness and increased LV chamber size, LV mass is highly correlated with VO2 max
- Decreased ESV facilitated by decrease in peripheral resistance
- Increased a-VO2 difference accounts for 50% of increased VO2 max

Question 17

how do we buffer against acidosis in the blood

Answer 17

First line: cellular buffers- proteins, bicarbonate and phosphate groups - Blood buffers- bicarbonate, hemoglobin, and proteins
- Second line: respiratory compensation- increased ventilation in response to increased H+ concentration

Question 18

how do we buffer against acidosis in the skeletal muscle

Question 19

what is normal blood pH

Answer 19

7.4

Question 20

how is VE increased with exercise

Answer 20

VE increased in direct proportion to metabolic needs of exercising muscle

Question 21

how is VE calculated

Answer 21

VE = Tidal volume (TV) x breathing frequency (f)

Question 22

why is ventilation closely regulated by exercise intensity

Answer 22

body needs to match oxygen delivery and carbon dioxide removal to the metabolic demands of working muscles

Question 23

explain how VT is related to exercise performance & how it relates to acidosis (bicarbonate buffer system)

Answer 23

VT is used to characterize endurance athletes, predict endurance performance, describes the ability to sustain high intensity exercise and allows for the correlation of muscle fiber composition and biochemical properties of skeletal muscle

Question 24

what is the Fick equation

Answer 24

VO2=Q x a-VO2diff

Question 25

what is the main limiting factor of VO2max

Answer 25

Q (cardiac output)

Question 26

what is mean arterial pressure? what factors affect MAP?

Answer 26

MAP = 2/3 DBP + 1/3 SBP - MAP = Q x TPR --> vasodilation radius of vessels shrink --> TPR will lessen

Question 27

what are cardiovascular & metabolic adaptations to moderate and high intensity endurance training

Answer 27

- improved ability of the muscle to extract oxygen from the blood which is achieved by: increased heart size, stroke volume, Q, muscle blood flow and total blood volume - anaerobic- both type 2a and 2b cross sectional area increases, greatest change in 2a

Question 28

what are the training principles

Answer 28

- individuality: everyone is unique - specificity: doing drills unique or specific for a sport - reversibility: use it or lose it - progressive overload: getting stronger by doing heavier weights - variation: changing up workouts - diminishing returns: as you get stronger, need to work harder for gains or improvement; as you are weaker its easier to get gains and improvement

Question 29

what is muscular power

Answer 29

rate at which work is performed - product of force & velocity - power = force x distance/time - explosive strength & speed of movement

Question 30

compare muscular endurance and strength

Question 31

contrast muscular endurance and strength

Question 32

what is concurrent training

Answer 32

training for endurance & strength on the same day - strength first then endurance

Question 33

how is anaerobic power/capacity measured

Answer 33

wingate test

Question 34

what is AOD

Answer 34

accumulated oxygen deficit - difference between actual VO2 and theoretical VO2 during exercise - can be used to quantify non-mitochondrial energy release during one bout of high intensity exercise - measures anaerobic metabolism

Question 35

what is the difference between hyperplasia & hypertrophy

Answer 35

- hyperplasia: increased number in muscle fibers - hypertrophy: an increase in muscle mass & cross sectional area

Question 36

what are the neuromotor adaptations to strength training

Answer 36

- increased recruitment of muscles - increased synchronization of recruitment - decreased autogenic inhibition - decreased co-activation of antagonists

Question 37

what are the muscular adaptations to endurance training

Answer 37

develop larger cross sectional area, increases up to 25% have been reported, magnitude depends on intensity, duration and length of training program

Question 38

what stimulates protein synthesis

Answer 38

Individual muscle fibers from resistance training appears to result from net increase in muscle protein synthesis - Protein is always being synthesized and degraded - During exercise protein synthesis decreased while protein degradation increases - A single bout of resistance exercise can elevate net protein synthesis for up to 24 hours

Question 39

what are the RDA for protein intake

Answer 39

0.8 g per kg of body weight/day

Question 40

outline resistance training recommendations for children & older populations

Question 41

what is sarcopenia

Answer 41

- loss of muscle mass - loss of both type I and II fibers - atrophy of type II fibers - loss of intramuscular fat & connective tissue

Question 42

what is OTS

Question 43

how does OTS compare with overreaching

Answer 43

Overarching is pushing the athlete to just the limit that they need to succeed at what they need to without hitting OTS

Question 44

what methods can be used to detect OTS

Answer 44

Running different tests Hormones Psychological Biochemical markers Heart rate variability

Question 45

what is muscle atrophy

Answer 45

Loss of muscle size and fibers and number of fibers

Question 46

what are some physical & cellular changes that occur with detraining

Answer 46

Loss of the recruitment and synchronization of muscles Gets weaker Loses size of muscles Neuron not firing may cause this