exam 3 Flashcards
1
Q
what are the 4 classes of horse nutrient requirements and what are their typical intakes (per day)?
A
- maintenance: 1.5 - 2.5% BW
- performance: 1.0 - 2.0% BW
- breeding: 1.5 - 3.0% BW
- growth: 1.0 - 2.0% BW
2
Q
what is a mare?
A
a sexually mature female horse
3
Q
what is a stallion?
A
a sexually mature male horse
4
Q
what is a gelding?
A
a mature castrated male horse
5
Q
what is a filly?
A
a young female horse
6
Q
what is a colt?
A
a young male horse
7
Q
what does it mean if a horse is an “easy keeper”?
A
easily keeps and gains weight
8
Q
what does it mean if a horse is a “hard keeper”?
A
it is hard for them to gain and keep weight on, and they have a difficulty maintaining proper BSC
9
Q
what is a concentrate?
A
mixtures of cereals, grains, minerals/vitamins used to supplement a horse’s diet to meet nutrient requirements
10
Q
what is a complete feed?
A
feed that contains both the forage and concentrate portions of a diet that is formulated/fortified to meet an animal’s nutrient requirements
- designed to be fed alone
11
Q
how much forage should horses consume daily?
A
1.5 - 2.0% of their BW
12
Q
when creating/balancing rations, we balance ______ first.
A
forage
13
Q
horses may consume up to ____% of their BW in grain/meal.
A
0.5%
14
Q
how much forage is typically in a horses diet? what is the minimum?
A
1.5%; 1.0% minimum
15
Q
what is the biggest limitation of all forage options for horses?
A
forages vary regionally by quantity and quality
16
Q
equine water losses vary due to what?
A
- heat stress
- sweat
- lactation
17
Q
why does increasing forage within a horse’s diet increase their water intake?
A
increasing DM intake = increase in saliva production = increase in voluntary water intake
18
Q
what deficiency causes organ and muscle atrophy?
A
energy deficiency
19
Q
what deficiency causes poor hair and hoof quality?
A
protein deficiency
20
Q
what deficiency causes big head disease?
A
mineral deficiency
21
Q
what deficiency causes ER or “typing up” disease?
A
water and electrolyte deficiencies
22
Q
what kind of feedstuff/diet would benefit a senior horse with poor dental health?
A
a complete feed
- high in concentrates, low in forages
23
Q
what kind of feedstuff/diet would benefit a pro-rodeo stallion?
A
a high energy concentrate
24
Q
what kind of feedstuff/diet would benefit a horse diagnosed with metabolic disease?
A
a low calorie ration balancer
25
what kind of feedstuff/diet would benefit a horse with chronic diarrhea?
a high forage diet with little concentrate
26
when should you increase/decrease the energy density of a horse’s ration?
changes in environmental temps, life stage, and activity level
27
what are the three different types of bacteria and what do they digest? (equine)
- cellulolytic: breaks down complex polysaccharides (cellulose)
- amylolytic: breaks down starches
- proteolytic: breaks down proteins
28
horses = _________ animals
other livestock = _________ animals
performance; production
29
what is the ideal BCS for an average horse?
5 to 6
30
what is the average BCS for a thoroughbred?
4
31
what is the average BCS for draft horses and seasoned broodmares?
7
32
explain refeeding syndrome
33
forages increase ____ production due to the breakdown of its ____ bonds.
heat; beta
34
grains are _____ _____ ____ _____ than forages and do not produce as much _____.
more easily broken down; heat
35
what kind of bonds do grains have?
alpha bonds
36
horses may consume up to ____% of BW in grain/meal.
0.5%
37
grain should be fed by _____ _____, not by _____ _____.
activity level; nutrient requirements
38
forage should make up at least (minimally) _____% of the horses diet
1%
39
what is a ration balancer?
very nutrient dense concentrate (high protein, high minerals, high vitamins, low calories) fed at a low volume
40
when creating an equine ration, we should start with ______ first.
forage
41
T/F: horses have a gallbladder to store liver bile
false
42
what is an easy keeper?
a horse that gains weight easily, “fat on air”
43
what is a hard keeper?
loses weight easily, hard to maintain proper BCS
44
increasing roughages/forages into the diet would be a good idea in what situation? why?
in very cold weather to increase heat increment
45
____ intake is influenced by sweat loss
electrolyte
46
_____ is higher in legumes and is important to prevent skeletal disease and poor growth/performance
calcium
47
_____ is supplemented into diets for antioxidant and immune properties
selenium
48
_____ is beneficial for hoof health
biotin
49
_______ does not have a dietary requirement if horse is exposed to adequate sunlight
Vitamin D
50
fresh, green forages contain _____ which supply vitamin A and E when metabolized (horses)
beta-carotene
51
what is a ration balancer used for?
used to “balance” a high forage diet
52
what is natural horse eating behavior?
constantly taking in small amounts throughout the day (aka continuous grazers)
53
how should you make changes to a horses diet?
slowly, over a one to two week period
54
what is the main benefit of using a feeder?
minimizes hay wastage
55
what do you have to be conscious of when feeding in a group setting (horses)?
the pecking order
56
what increases a horse’s colic risk? (3)
- feeding more than 11lbs of grain per day or 4-5lbs per feeding
- non-structural CHOs are increased by fresh, lush pasture
- using alternate forms of forage
57
what is the risk of feeding cattle grains to horses?
58
what is the difference between raising horses in Texas vs Florida?
TX: can easily manage horses on pasture
FL: pastures need to be heavily supplemented, causing an increased risk of colic
59
dried forage = __% DM
90%
60
how can the producer improve the condition of a horse with chronic colitis (lower GI tract diarrhea)?
by increasing forages and decreasing concentrates
61
what should be fed to a geriatric horse with poor dental health and intake problems? what BW are they fed at?
- increasing concentrates, decreasing forages
- 1.5-2.0% BW
62
what feeding diseases and disorders can be improved by feeding a low structural CHO (starch and sugar) diets? (3) (horses)
- laminitis (aka founder)
- pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID), aka cushing’s
- equine metabolic syndrome/insulin resistance
63
______ fixes atmospheric Nitrogen.
legumes
64
what are the three causes of water loss? (horses)
- heat stress (increased respiration)
- sweat
- lactation
65
how much water does an average 500kg mature horse consume daily?
5-15 gallons when fed rations containing forages and concentrates
66
what is an effect of increasing forage in rations of horses?
increases saliva production and water intake
67
_____s are the largest supplier of energy.
carbohydrates
68
what is the ideal BCS of a horse?
between 4 and 7
69
what is the result of a BCS of over 7 in horses?
decreases tolerance of exercise and heat; increased risk of laminitis
70
when should you increase/decrease the energy density of a ration? (horses)
environmental temperatures
- forages: increase heat production (heat increment) during breakdown significantly
- grains: more easily broken down, does not produce as much heat compared to forages
life stage
71
What does it mean for fat consumption in horses since they don’t have a gallbladder?
Horses secrete bile continuously (no gallbladder), so they digest fat less efficiently in large amounts. Fat should be introduced gradually and fed in moderate levels. They can still use fat as a good energy source.
72
how much protein do growing horses require in a ration? lactating mares?
- growing horses: 14-16%
- lactating mares: 12-14% total ration
73
what increases with sweat loss during exercise? (horses)
protein loss
74
what are the three electrolytes most important to horses?
sodium, chloride, potassium
75
what influences sodium intake? (horses)
sweat loss
76
what is the maximum amount of sodium that can be in a horse ration?
6%
77
what are the Ca:P requirements for mature and growing horses?
- mature: 1.5:1 - 2:1
- growing: 3:1
78
what is the best source of Ca and P for horses? why?
legumes; they are higher in Ca than grasses and all forages are low in P
79
why is Ca and P important to growth and early lactation in horses?
it prevents skeletal disease and poor performance
80
why is selenium often added to horse rations?
for antioxidant and immune properties
81
many US soils are ______ deficient.
selenium
82
_____(vitamin) and _____(mineral) are fed together (horses)
vitamin E and selenium
83
what is the NRC requirement for selenium in horses?
0.1 mg/kg of diet
84
what is the toxic level of selenium in horses?
2 mg/kg of diet
85
how is vitamin K synthesized? (horses)
by the cecum and colon microbes
86
what can moldy sweet clover induce?
vitamin K dependent coagulation issues
87
what is the benefit of feeding biotin in horses?
May benefit to supplement into diet for hoof health or GI issues (diarrhea)
88
inadequate water an electrolyte balance can cause:
(horses) (5)
- dehydration
- dehydration related colics (impaction)
- anhidrosis (non-sweating)
- exertional rhabdomyolysis (ER) (tying-up disease)
- metabolic disorders
89
what are the effects of energy deficiencies in horses?
- poor intake
- maldigestion
- malabsorption of nutrients
- organ and muscle atrophy (breakdown)
- poor growth in young animals
90
what are effects of protein deficiencies in horses?
- poor hair and hoof quality
- weight and muscle loss
- inappetence
91
what is the result of Ca deficiencies in horses?
nutritional secondary hyperthyroidism (bighead disease)
92
what are the effects of vitamin deficiencies in horses?
- neurological-like symptoms
- weight and muscle loss/atrophy
93
what causes the greatest water loss?
lactation
94
this deficiency causes white muscle disease?
selenium
95
what is the cause of Fe defi
parasitism (parasites)
96
oak leaves may cause what toxicity in sheep?
Cu
97
oilseeds are fed as what source?
energy
98
dried forages have what % DM?
90%
99
horses require ____ quality proteins.
high
100
T/F: ruminants can tolerate low quality proteins
true
101
starvation causes a what state in the animal?
catabolic
102
refeeding causes a _____ state in the animal.
anabolic
103
T/F: horses with a BCS of >7 are very heat tolerant
false
104
grass tetany is a result of…
Mg deficiency
105
horses are designed to be ____ grazers
continuous
106
for what species is water intake and quality the most important?
dairy cattle
107
the more ____ a sheep has, the lower their ____ ____ intake
fat; voluntary water intake
108
why do we feed grain to goats?
to meet mineral requirements
109
what are factors affecting water loss in goats and sheep?
- lactation
- temperature
- water content of forage
- exercise
- production stage
- salt/mineral content of the diet
110
goat are susceptible to ___ toxicity
salt
111
how are goats heat tolerant?
they decrease urine and fecal water loss in hard climates
112
~10% of _____ loss may be fatal in goats
body water loss
113
what is the BCS for sheep and goats?
1-5
114
what is the primary energy source in goats?
carbohydrates from forages and some grains
115
what factors affect energy requirements in sheep and goats?
- stage of production
- medical conditions
- environment
- hair/wool growth and removal
- activity/exercise
- nutrient balance
116
for sheep and goats, dietary CP must be at a minimum of __%
7%
117
what happens if a goat is consuming below 6% CP?
feed intake and digestibility are reduced causing a compounding energy-protein deficiency (too low protein = not absorbing enough energy)
118
what are the functions of protein in sheep and goats?
- support stage of production (lactation, gestation, etc.)
- wool/hair production
- maintain immune system
119
what does iron treat in goats?
parasitism
120
what does not need to be supplemented in a goat’s diet? why?
vitamins because they are supplied via’s rumen microbes and the environment
121
what deficiency may impact hair in goats?
Cu
122
the ___ fat a sheep puts on, the ___ their voluntary water intake
more; lower
123
what factors affect feed intake in dairy cattle?
- production (how much are they producing)
- temperature/heat index (impacts the amount of food they want to eat)
124
what is fed to dairy cattle?
a total mixed ration (TMR)
125
fill in this chart
126
the ash component of proximate analysis contains what 3 categories?
minerals, silica, lignin
127
what components of ash are indigestible?
silica and lignin
128
is the ash component of proximate analysis considered organic or inorganic?
inorganic
129
would this ration would correspond to market hogs or weaned piglets? Why?
market hogs; need increased carbohydrates in their ration
130
would this ration would correspond to market hogs or weaned piglets? Why?
weaned piglets because they are growing and need increased protein
131
what does a selenium deficiency cause?
muscular dystrophy; white muscle disease
132
what is the primary energy source for sheep?
carbohydrates from grass, forage, and some grains
133
what is the BCS of a healthy productive ewe?
~2.0 - 3.5
134
If ewe’s are fatter, they have a higher chance of ____ ____.
pregnancy toxemia
135
what is a sheep ration typically made out of?
forage (usually meets maintenance) with supplements of legumes/protein
136
what can sheep tolerate in regards to Ca:P?
they can tolerate a wide ratio as long as Ca>P
137
how do we meet sheep vitamin requirements?
supplied via rumen microbes, normal diet, and environment
- Vit D may need to be supplemented depending on other factors
- Vit E may need to be supplemented when hay or forage quality is poor
138
what factors affect water loss in beef cattle?
- lactation
- temperature
- water content of forage
- exercise
- production stage
- electrolyte content of dirt
139
how much water do beef cattle intake daily? what causes this to vary?
6-20 gallons/day; temperature and body size
140
what is the primary energy source for beef cattle?
carbohydrates via grass and forage and/or the total mixed ration in feedlot cattle
141
what factors affect energy requirements in beef cattle?
- stage of production
- environment
- activity
- nutrient balance
- heat increment
