Exam #3

Question 1

What does ‘Ex Parte’ mean?

Answer 1

A legal term meaning ‘on behalf of one party only.’

Question 2

Who is Crow Dog?

Answer 2

A Brulé Lakota man who killed another Lakota chief, Spotted Tail, in 1881.

Question 3

Who is Spotted Tail?

Answer 3

A respected Brulé Lakota chief known for diplomacy and resistance to U.S. expansion.

Question 4

How was the crime resolved initially?

Answer 4

Crow Dog paid restitution to Spotted Tail’s family in accordance with Lakota custom.

Question 5

Why did Crow Dog petition the US Supreme Court?

Answer 5

He argued the U.S. had no jurisdiction over the crime, as it was already resolved under tribal law.

Question 6

What was the Supreme Court’s decision in Crow Dog’s case?

Answer 6

They ruled in favor of Crow Dog, affirming that U.S. courts had no jurisdiction over crimes between Native people on tribal land (1883).

Question 7

What did Ex Parte Crow Dog result in?

Answer 7

Led to the Major Crimes Act (1885), allowing federal jurisdiction over certain serious crimes in Indian Country.

Question 8

What are the original Seven Major Crimes?

Answer 8

• Murder
• Manslaughter
• Rape
• Assault with intent to kill
• Arson
• Burglary
• Larceny

Question 9

What is the Major Crimes Act?

Answer 9

Extends federal criminal jurisdiction to crimes by non-Indians against Indians in Indian Country.

Question 10

What did PL 280 do?

Answer 10

Transferred legal authority from the federal government to state governments in certain states, including criminal and civil jurisdiction in Indian Country.

Question 11

What reservation in Montana does PL 280 affect?

Answer 11

The Flathead Reservation (Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes).

Question 12

What was the first boarding school in the United States?

Answer 12

Carlisle Indian Industrial School (1879).

Question 13

Who started the boarding school and what was his motto?

Answer 13

Captain Richard Henry Pratt — ‘Kill the Indian, save the man.’

Question 14

Who were the world champions of basketball from a boarding school?

Answer 14

The Fort Shaw Indian Girls’ Basketball Team (1904 World’s Fair).

Question 15

What is the alternative name for the General Allotment Act (GAA)?

Answer 15

The Dawes Act (1887).

Question 16

How did President T. Roosevelt refer to the GAA?

Answer 16

As a ‘mighty pulverizing engine to break up tribal mass.’

Question 17

What were the terms of the GAA/DA?

Answer 17

Allotment of land and citizenship for Native people

Question 18

How long was Indian land held in trust if Indian people were found to be competent?

Answer 18

25 years, after which land could be sold.

Question 19

What is it called when allotment interests are consistently broken up and passed down?

Answer 19

Fractionation.

Question 20

What Montana reservation was never affected by the General Allotment Act?

Answer 20

Rocky Boy’s Reservation.

Question 21

What senator was a part of the General Allotment Act?

Answer 21

Senator Henry L. Dawes.

Question 22

Which reservation has a population of Indian people as the minority?

Answer 22

Flathead Reservation.

Question 23

What was the US Citizenship Act of 1924?

Answer 23

Granted U.S. citizenship to all Native Americans; the Onondaga Nation rejected it.

Question 24

What was the Meriam Report?

Answer 24

A 1928 report that exposed failures of federal Indian policy, especially boarding schools and allotment.

Question 25

What was the Indian Reorganization Act?

Answer 25

1934 law that ended allotment and promoted tribal self-government.

Question 26

Why did Native Americans choose to fight in WWI and WWII?

Answer 26

* Patriotism * Warrior tradition * Employment * Defense of homeland

Question 27

What was unique about Native Americans in the military versus other minorities?

Answer 27

They were not segragated

Question 28

What was the first language used for code talking?

Answer 28

Choctaw (WWI).

Question 29

Name a notable Native American soldier from WWI.

Answer 29

Joseph Oklahombi (Choctaw).

Question 30

Name notable Native American soldiers from WWII.

Answer 30

* Ira Hayes (Pima) * Clarence Tinker (Osage) * Joe Medicine Crow (Crow)

Question 31

What did the WWI and WWII home front efforts look like?

Answer 31

Increased production, agriculture, and support roles by Native communities.

Question 32

What did army officials say about Native volunteers?

Answer 32

"If you wanted to find the Indains You would find them at the front".- Major Tom Reilly

Question 33

What propaganda and stereotypes did Native Americans face?

Answer 33

Depicted as 'noble savages' or warriors in media to boost enlistment.

Question 34

Who were the Code Talkers?

Answer 34

Native soldiers who used their languages to transmit unbreakable military codes.

Question 35

What does military service in Native communities look like today?

Answer 35

High enlistment rates, seen as an extension of warrior tradition.

Question 36

Who is Ira Hayes?

Answer 36

Pima Marine who helped raise the flag at Iwo Jima.

Question 37

Who is CPL Thomas D. Saunders?

Answer 37

Navajo soldier honored for valor.

Question 38

Who is General Clarence L. Tinker?

Answer 38

Highest-ranking Native officer in WWII; killed in action.

Question 39

Who is PFC Joseph Oklahombi?

Answer 39

WWI hero credited with capturing 171 Germans.

Question 40

What did Chief Joe Medicine Crow do in WWII?

Answer 40

Completed traditional war deeds: touched enemy, stole horses, and led a war party.

Question 41

What is sex trafficking?

Answer 41

Exploitation of individuals through coercion for sexual purposes.

Question 42

What is labor trafficking?

Answer 42

Forced work through threats, fraud, or coercion.

Question 43

What do traffickers look for?

Answer 43

Vulnerability—poverty, unstable housing, abuse histories.

Question 44

How much has trafficking increased between 2015 and 2021?

Answer 44

Reported rates have significantly increased.

Question 45

Why are some communities trafficked?

Answer 45

Due to isolation, economic inequality, and lack of law enforcement.

Question 46

Why are Native communities preyed upon?

Answer 46

Jurisdictional gaps, systemic racism, and high poverty rates.

Question 47

How is substance abuse involved in trafficking?

Answer 47

It can make victims more vulnerable or be used to control them.

Question 48

How can the trafficking problem be resolved?

Answer 48

Improved law enforcement coordination, tribal sovereignty, education, and prevention.

Question 49

What was the Washington Post survey?

Answer 49

A controversial 2016 poll suggesting 90% of Native Americans weren't offended by the term 'Redskins.'

Question 50

Give examples of offensive professional mascots.

Answer 50

* Washington Redskins (now Commanders) * Cleveland Indians (now Guardians)

Question 51

Give examples of offensive college mascots.

Answer 51

* Florida State Seminoles (with controversy) * University of North Dakota Fighting Sioux (retired)

Question 52

What was the controversy regarding the Vancouver Olympics & Indigenous imagery?

Answer 52

Used Inukshuk as logo without proper consultation with Inuit people.

Question 53

What is an Inukshuk?

Answer 53

A stone landmark used by Inuit for navigation and cultural purposes.

Question 54

What are American Indian boarding schools?

Answer 54

Government-run or missionary schools meant to assimilate Native children.

Question 55

What was the time period of American Indian boarding schools?

Answer 55

Late 1800s to mid/late 1900s; some persisted into the 1990s.

Question 56

What is the lasting impact of boarding schools?

Answer 56

Loss of language, culture, trauma, and generational disconnection.

Question 57

What are current organizations addressing boarding school impacts?

Answer 57

* National Native American Boarding School Healing Coalition * Truth and Healing Commission legislation

Question 58

What is Food Sovereignty?

Answer 58

The right of people to define and control their own food systems.

Question 59

How are Indigenous communities engaging with food sovereignty today?

Answer 59

Reviving traditional farming, seed saving, buffalo restoration, and local food systems.