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Evolution > Exam 3-2 > Flashcards

Exam 3-2 Flashcards

(63 cards)

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1
Q

_______ is the simplest case of kin selection.

A

Parental care

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2
Q

Mother with _____ enhances survival of _____ by caring for them, whereas another mother lacking _____ does not

A

allele A
her offspring
allele

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3
Q

If parental care results in at least __ extra surviving _____, THEN ___ will _______ frequency, even if parental care costs mother her life

A

2
offspring
A
increase

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4
Q

example of parental care

A

IF c (cost) = 1 (mother dies) and b = 1 (survival of offspring)

THEN mothers A allele has probability of r=0.05 of being carried by her offspring

Hamilton’s rule is satisfied by survival of >2 extra offspring relative to mother: (0.5 x 3) > 1

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5
Q

Hamiltons Rule

A

(b r > c)

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6
Q

Interactions among other _________ relative also follow ______________

A

collateral

Hamiltons rule

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7
Q

Genes _______ in frequency when ________ ________ of a recipient to an actor (r) ______ by benefit to recipient (b) > ________ _______ to actor (c=1)

A

increase
genetic relatedness
multiplied
reproductive cost

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8
Q

_______ _____ shows why indiscriminate altruism _____ evolve by ______ _________ ________

A

parental care
cannot
simple individual selection

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9
Q

Eusociallty

A

extreme form of altruism

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10
Q

Nearly /completely _____ individuals (workers) rear offspring of their _____________ . Found in __ __________, all termites, many ___________ and a few other insects

A

sterile
parent (king and/or queen
1 mammal (naked mole rat)
Hymenoptera

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11
Q

haplodiploidy:

A 
female = fertilized eggs (diploid, 2N)
male = unfertilized eggs (haploid, 1N)
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12
Q

In haplodiploid spp Females will be more closely related to

A

their sisters (0.75) than to their own daughters

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13
Q

And their father (haploid) makes sperm by

A

mitosis, so every sperm is clone of father

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14
Q

Some traits bring advantages for obtaining a mate, but:

A

may decrease survival or increase vulnerability to predators

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15
Q

coined by Darwin

A

Sexual Selection

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16
Q

sexual selection makes many organisms:

A

usually males, go to extreme lengths for sex

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17
Q

examples of sexual selection

A

elaborate bower in bower birds

enlarged antlers in deer, moose, & caribou

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18
Q

other sexually selected traits

A

black widow
elephant seals
guppies :)

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19
Q

2 kinds of selection:

male - male competition

A

males compete with each other for female or for female access

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20
Q

exaggerated traits may reflect

A

male strength, fighting ability or positions of dominance

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21
Q

example of male - male competition

A

of 713 matches between caribou male of different antler size, males with smaller antler size withdrew 90% of time

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22
Q

female choice occurs because:

A

females produce few, large gametes (eggs) and males produce many small gametes (sperm)

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23
Q

runaway sexual selection

A

once trait starts it becomes self-reinforcing

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24
Q

factors in runaway sexual selection

A

Exaggerated trait (ex: peacock’s tail) carries ecological disadvantage (ex: higher risk of predation)

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25
______ can run counter to ______
Sexual selection | natural selection
26
sexual dimorphism
large phenotypic differences between sexes
27
extreme form of male - male competition
infanticide
28
example of infanticide
lions
29
during takeover times
At times of stress females have also been observed killing their own cubs
30
example of infanticide
wild langur monkeys: DNA analyses show males that kill infants are fathers of infants born to the same mothers
31
Parents sometimes kill offspring as way of
adaptively regulating brood size
32
example of brood size
passerine bird populations in Oxford, UK
33
siblicide
In some species, larger offspring in a brood (sibs) may kill smaller sibs
34
examples of siblicide
Booby: survivors of sibs competition depends on food | sand tiger shark
35
Females choose males by requiring courtship or nuptial gifts
female choice
36
females select males that may provide
Parental care Territorial defense Food Be less likely to pass diseases to offspring Provide more fit offspring = good gene hypothesis
37
example of female choice
Thornhill: found that female hangingflies have higher egg laying rate when mated with male that provide large nuptial food gift (usually a large insect)
38
leading explanations for cooperation (apparent altruism)
manipulation individual advantage reciprocation
39
manipulation
donor may disperse aid because it is being manipulated or coerced.
40
Individual advantage
evolves because it is advantageous tot eh individual
41
Reciprocation
advantage for individual to help another if recipient provides reciprocal aid in future
42
Cowbirds and cuckoos lay their eggs in other bird’s nests
example of manipulation
43
kingfisher help unrelated pairs to rear off spring because it helps them get a future mate
example of individual advantage
44
recently fed vampire bats feed regurgitated blood to other roost members that have been successful foragers
example of reciprocation
45
A group of interbreeding (or potentially interbreeding) individuals, reproductively isolated from other such groups
species
46
Biological Species Concept (BSC), defines species by ___________, not by ____________, even if they are not ______________
reproductive discontinuity phenotypic differences geographically separated
47
Three observations contributed to BSC development:
variation within populations, geographic variation and sibling species
48
chief limitation of BSC
Would geographically- separated (allopatric) populations interbreed if they someday encounter each other?
49
example of chief limitation: | Geographic ranges of pygmy nuthatch in western NA & of brown headed nuthatch in south eastern US
Separated by 100s of miles Differ in song and subtly in color pattern Difficult to tell if they are different biological species
50
BSC requires that biologists make judgements about whether such species would interbreed if they came into contact under ______ conditions
natural
51
_____ change in the past and ______ cause changes in environment today have brought formerly isolated population together
Climate | human
52
Extinct forms are classified on strictly on
morphological grounds
53
bacteria & viruses
asexual species
54
asexual species is assigned to species based on _______
genetic similarity
55
asexual species don’t use meiotic sex, but bacteria and viruses exchange genes in other ways, known as
conjugation
56
_________ are classified by nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) and shapes (capsid shape)
viruses
57
BSC inspired alternative species definitions
Phylogenetic species concept (PSC)
58
Phylogenetic species concept (PSC), Emphasizes species as outcome of _______; products of ________
evolution history of evolutionary divergence
59
An irreducible cluster of organisms diagnosably different from other such clusters, and within which there is a parental pattern of ancestry and descent
widely accepted definition of species Cracraft 1989
60
Occurs when offspring are produced by interbreeding between distinct populations
gene flow and hybridization
61
European fire-bellied & yellow-bellied toads from hybrid zone
example of gene flow and hybridization Two species differ in loci that code for enzymes and several morphological traits
62
European fire-bellied & yellow-bellied toads from hybrid zone graph findings
Clines** form hybrid zone where genetically distinct allopatric populations meet and interbreed to a limited extent
63
cline
gradual change in allele frequencies over geographic distance

Evolution (4 decks)

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