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Evolution > FINAL - Old stuff > Flashcards

FINAL - Old stuff Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

What is the scientific basis for research on model organisms?

A

Common ancestry

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2
Q

Males Homozygotes

Females Heterozygotes

A

Sex determination in Birds and Moths

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3
Q

Males Heterozygotes

Females Homozygotes

A

Sex determination of Mammals and insects

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4
Q

Sex is ___________ in reptiles

A

Temperature dependent
Hot: Female
Cold: Male

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5
Q

Mites and bees exhibit _______

A

Haplodiploidy

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6
Q

Organisms reproduce once after many years and then die shortly after

A

Semelparity

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7
Q

Hybrid sterility is often limited to heterogametic sex

A

Haldanes rule

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8
Q

Mothers increase success by laying eggs in other birds nest

A

Brood parasite

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9
Q

In birds and Lepidoptera sex chromosomes are reversed:

A

WZ ZZ system

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10
Q

Mothers are choosy with who they mate with

A

Good genes hypothesis

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11
Q

Reproductive trait that prevents successful breeding between species

A

Isolation mechanism

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12
Q

Mimicry complexes in butterflies

A

Disruptive selection

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13
Q

ESS

A

Evolutionary Stable Strategy

If adopted by a pop it becomes fixed

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14
Q

JM smith

A

ESS

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15
Q

A phenotype that nearly all individuals have, no alternate phenotype can invade it

A

ESS

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16
Q

gradual change in allele frequencies over geographic distance

A

Cline

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17
Q

Explanations for atruism

A

Reciprocation
Manipulation
Individual advantage

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18
Q

rb>c

A

Relatedness of recipient to actor
Benefit to recipient
Reproductive cost to actor

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19
Q

unrelated pairs to rear off spring because it helps them get a future mate

A

cooperative breeding

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20
Q

Female annolis lizard

A

evidence for cost of reproduction

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21
Q

Speciation where reproductive isolation occurs first in pop

A

Sympatric

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22
Q

PSC

A

Phlyogenetic species concept

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23
Q

Person who coined PSC

A

Cracraft

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24
Q

Evidence for allopatric speciation:

A

geographically distant pops were more genetically diff and less likely to mate

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25
alleles that increase allocation to reproduction early in life will decrease function later in life
Antagonistic pleitropy
26
Mutation accumulated later in life can not be selected against
Mutation accumulation
27
Sympatric speciation shows the existence of:
Disruptive selection based off of resource use
28
Change in a trait making bearer better suited to survive/reproduce
Adaptation
29
How many mass extinctions:
5
30
Method of Lederbergs to demonstrate mutation as a random process
Replica plating
31
Involves abnormal placement of body parts
Homeotic mutation
32
The difference in trait means of a population before and after selection
Selection coefficient
33
Bad mutation accumulate irreversibly, increasing genetic burden
Mullers ratchet
34
Taxa evolved separately to occupy similar niches in different areas
Ecological equivalence
35
Selects against less adapted individuals at one tail of distribution
Directional selection
36
When an organism increases its survival advantage in one area at the expense of another area
Trade off
37
organisms must constantly adapt, evolve, and proliferate in order to survive while pitted against ever-evolving opposing organisms in a constantly changing environment
Red Queen Effect | Proposed by Valen
38
Most mutations are _____ and there effects are ______
Neutral | Small
39
Earths age
4.55 BYO
40
Humans and chimps - Chromosomes
Fusion of chimp chrom. 12 and 13 resulted in Human chrom 2
41
Innovations in chronological order
``` Collagen/ true tissues Gastrula, ectoderm endoderm mesoderm hemocoel segmentation ```
42
Dispersion of humans
Africa, Eurasia and Australia, Americas, Polynesia
43
Out of Africa Hypothesis
Modern sapiens evolved form archaic sapiens in Africa, spreading through out the world in 2nd expansion, and replaced the pop of archaic sapiens w/o interbreeding with them
44
Spp live one place and no where else
Endemism
45
Oldest known fossils
Stromatolites
46
Apomorphic
derived, specialized, advanced trait
47
Synapomorphic
Shared derived traits
48
Evidence that confirms earths age
Oldest earth rocks, oldest moon rocks, meteorites
49
When stronger pre zygotic isolation occurs due to selection against low-fitness hybrids
Reinforcement
50
Coined uniformitarianism
Lyell
51
Sharing of genetic info between spp
Lateral gene transfer
52
Shared ancestry creates similarity in structure, despite diff in fxn
homology
53
Base pair differences vs time since divergence are nearly constant
Molecular clock
54
Traits common to related taxa show up 1st in ontogeny b4 phylogeny is apparent
Von Baer's Law
55
Growth of body parts at different rates resulting in change of body proportions
Allometry
56
Darwins 4 postulates
VIST | Variation, Inheritability, Selection and Time
57
Darwin drew parallel btwn Nat and Artificial sel by breeding:
Pigeons
58
Darwin drew parallel between Natural and Artificial selection by breeding:
Pigeons
59
an ancestral spp. and all of its descendants
Clade
60
Maximum parsimony is based on the principle of
Occams razor
61
Maximum parsimony is based on the principle of
Occams razor
62
Plesiomorphic
Ancestral, less specialized traits
63
Homoplasy
Convergence
64
Organisms reprodice multiple times through out life time
Iteroparity
65
Individual with different survivorship and reproductive outputs of individuals in a population
Natural Selection
66
Sexual selection
Male-male competition | Female choice
67
Divergent evolution of many related lineages with in a short time
Evolutionary Radiation
68
Proceeding by SMALL successive changes
Gradualism

Evolution (4 decks)

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