Exam 3 Flashcards
(28 cards)
Carbohydrates
polyhydroxyl ketones or polyhydroxyl aldehydes and their derivatives
Biological membrane
lipid bilayer containing protein which completely surrounds and isolates biomolecules
ionophores
a biomolecule which facilitates the movement of ions across a biological membrane
lipid
biomolecules which are insoluble or slightly soluble in water and usually extractable by organic (non polar) solvents.
cascade
a series of biochemical reactions which amplify so that the number of final products is orders of magnitude greater than the number of initiating molecules.
effector enzymes
an enzyme component of a signal transaction pathway which is bound to a membrane, activated by transducer, and produces a second message.
receptor
a transmembrane protein component of a signal transduction pathway to which an external signal molecule will bind to cause conformational change and subsequently activate a transducer molecule.
second messenger
a molecule which is part of a signal transduction pathway and which is produced as a consequence of the binding of the extracellular signal.
signal transduction
usually combined with the word signal to refer to the transfer of information from one side of a membrane to another.
nucleic acids
biopolymers consisting of nitrogenous bases which are linked to ribose or deoxyribose linked by phosphodiester bonds.
mRNA
is a class of RNA molecules which carries a copy of the sequence of nucleic acid bases from the DNA to the ribosomes where these sequences are translated into a series of linked amino acids to form proteins
tRNA
a series of RNA molecules composed of 75-95 nucleotides which are charged with an amino acid by the appropriate tRNA synthetase enzyme and which carry that activated amino acid to the ribosome
rRNA
this series of RNAs combine with proteins to form ribosomes
nucleoside
are composed of ribose or deoxy ribose and a heterocyclic base
nucleotide
are phosphorylated derivates of a nucleoside
enthalpy
delta (h) = the measure of the amount of heat generated under constant pressure
entropy
delta (s) = the measure of the disorder of a system
Gibb’s Free Energy
is the amount of energy available to do chemical work
snRNA
small nuclear ribonucleic acid - this is a series of RNA molecules ranging in size from about 100-300 nucleotides long.
Some combine with proteins to form complexes, splicesomes, which remove introns from eukaryotic mRNA
annealing
as the process by which two strands of complementary nucleic acid bases bind to each other.
It is measured by the rate at which this occurs as it is a kinetic process. The rate is dependent upon the concentration of strands solution, the length of these strands, and the uniqueness of the sequences.
palindrome
is a sequence of letters which read the same in one direction as in another.
For nucleic acid sequences, this refers to the sequence of bases of one strand as read from 5’ to 3’ as compared with the complementary strand as read from 5’ to 3’. For example, the sequence GGATCC is palindromic. Restriction enzymes typically recognize palindromic sequences.
restriction enzymes
protein endonucleases which cleave at a specific DNA sequence, which is typically a palindrome.
snRNA
small nuclear ribonucleic acid - this is a series of RNA molecules ranging in size from about 100 to 300 nucleotides long.
Some combine with proteins to form complexes, splicesomes, which remove introns from eukaryotic mRNA
Tm
the temperature at which a particular molecular transition is 50% completed.
