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Exam 3 Flashcards

0
Q

Animal Diversification

A

Ecological Causes- predator prey relationships
Geological Causes- more atmospheric O2
Genetical Causes- duplication of Hox genes

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1
Q

Animal

A 
Multicellular
Heterotrophic
No cell wall
Eukaryotic
Cell specialization
Tissues
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2
Q

Animal Egg after Fertilization

A 
Produce Zygote 
Cleavage
8 Cell Stage
Blastula
Gastrolation (Folds in) 
Form Gastrula w/ endoderm and ectoderm.
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3
Q

Protostomes

A

Spiral cleavage determinate
Coelem forms from solid masses of mesoderm
Blastopore becomes the mouth

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4
Q

Deutostomes

A

Radial indeterminate cleavage
Coelem forms from buds
Blastopore becomes anus

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5
Q

Hox Gene Organisation

A

Exhibit colinearly in time and space

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6
Q

Larva

A

Morphological distinct from adult. Grow and transform by metamorphosis.

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7
Q

Era Order

A

Paleozoic- Cambrian Explosion
Mesozoic- Dinosaur dominant
Cenozoic- Modern Diversification

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8
Q

Choanoflagellates

A

Protists that are closest living ancestors
Resemble collar cells in sponges
Corroborated by morphological and molecular data

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9
Q

Cambrian Explosion

A

530 mya

Lead to bilaterians

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10
Q

Grade

A

Group whose members share key biological features

Not necessarily a clade

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11
Q

Clade

A

Group that includes ancestral species and all its descendants

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12
Q

Radial Symmetry

A

Allows organism to meet environment from all sides

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13
Q

Bilateral Symmetry

A

Directed movement

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14
Q

Dorsal

A

Top side

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15
Q

Ventral

A

Bottom

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16
Q

Tissues

A

Body plans vary according to tissues

Collection of specialized cells

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17
Q

Ectoderm

A

Germ layer covering embryo surface

Skin and central nervous system

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18
Q

Endoderm

A

Innermost germ layer

Lines digestive tract

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19
Q

Coelemates

A

Have a true coelem derived entirely from mesoderm

Ex. Earthworm

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20
Q

Pseudocoelem

A

Have a body cavity lined by mesoderm and endoderm

Ex. Roundworms

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21
Q

Acoelomates

A

Don’t have body cavity. Solid mass of mesoderm

Ex. Planarian

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22
Q

Diploblastic

A

Have only ectoderm and endoderm

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23
Q

Triploblastic

A

All bilaterians

Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

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24
Mesoderm
Lies between ectoderm and endoderm and forms muscles
25
Phylogeny of Animals
All animals share a common ancestor Sponges are basal and lack true tissues Eumetazoa is clade w/ true tissues All animal phyla belong to the clade bilateria Three Clades of bilatarians: Deuterostomes, Lophotrochozoans, Ecsysozoans
26
Coelem
Hydrostatic skeleton for muscles | Enables internal organs to grow and move independently of body wall
27
Determinate Cleavage
Fate of each cell is determined early
28
Indeterminate Cleavage
Each cell in early stage retains capacity for complete embryo
29
Protostome Coelem Formation
Splitting of solid masses of mesoderm
30
Deuterostome Coelem Formation
Mesoderm buds from the wall
31
Porifera
Sessile Aquatic Suspension filters Diploblastic
32
Mesophyl
Gelatinous matrix connecting cells in Porifera
33
Cnidaria
Sessile and motile Oldest eumetazoan lineage Radial/Diploblastic Central nervous system
34
Cnidocyte
Fires a nematocyst
35
Lophotrochozoans
``` Widest range of body forms Lophomore Trochophore larvae Coelem w/ two openings Bilateral/Triploblastic ```
36
Lophophore
Crown of ciliates tentacles | Used for feeding
37
Ecsysozoans
Protostomes | Exoskeleton
38
Platyhelminthes
``` Flatworms Triploblastic Acoelomates Gastrovascular cavity w/ one opening Unsegmented ```
39
Brachiopods
Resemble mollusks | Dorsal/ventral valves
40
Rotifera
Pseudocoelemates Mouth, anus, and alimentary canal Moves against hydrostatic skeleton Parthenogenesis
41
Parthenogenesis
Females produce offspring from unfertilized eggs
42
Alimentary canal
Digestive tube w separate mouth and anus that lies in Pseudocoelem
43
Mollusks
Coelomates Muscular foot, visceral mass, mantle Soft bodies, hard shells Radula
44
Polyplacophora
Chitons 8 dorsal plates on shells Non-segmented bodies Radula
45
Gastropoda
Embryo torsion Radula Mantle cavity functions as lung
46
Embryo Torsion
Visceral mass rotates 180 degrees so that anus is above mouth
47
Bivalves
``` Shell drawn together by aductor Suspension feeders Gills for gas exchange Left/Right valves No radula ```
48
Cephalopoda
Beak like jaw Modified foot Contract mantle for locomotion
49
Ammonites
Ancient Cephalopoda | Went extinct in Cretaceus
50
Annelida
Body made of fused rings Coelom ages Hydrostatic skeleton Segmented body
51
Errantia
Mobile marine organisms Pair of parapodia covered in chaetae Chiton on each body segment
52
Sedentaria
Less mobile Leeches Secrete hirudin as anticoagulant Earthworms aerate soil by eating it
53
Nematoda
``` Pseudocoelomates Tough outer cuticle made of collagen Complete digestive tract No circulatory system Can self fertilize ```
54
Arthropoda
Segmented body plan Chitin exoskeleton Jointed appendages Open circulatory system w/ hemolymph
55
Trilobita
Extinct 250 mya | Segmentation but little differentiation
56
Chelicerata
Chelicerae- claw like feeding appendages | Arachnida and merostomata
57
Arachnida
Pedipalps for feeding Cephalothorax Back lungs for gas exchange Spinneret produces silk
58
Merostomata
Horseshoe crabs
59
Myriapoda
Earliest land animals | Diploma and Chilopoda
60
Diplopoda
2 pairs of walking legs on each segment | Ex. Millipedes
61
Chilopoda
1 pair of legs on each segment Carnivorous Ex. Centipedes
62
Insecta
Adaptive radiation caused by flight Wings are extension of cuticle Three body segments: head, thorax, abdomen Undergo copulation sperm stored in sperm atheca in female
63
Incomplete Metamorphasis
Young resemble adult but are smaller. Grow through molting
64
Complete Metamorphasis
Specialized larval stages morphology during pupal stages
65
Crustacea
Malacostraca and Maxillipoda
66
Malacostraca
Carapace over cephalothorax | Ex. Woodlice and pill bugs
67
Maxillipoda
Copepoda are planktonic | Includes barnacles
68
Echinoderms
``` Marine Bilatarians Coelomates Sessile/slow Hydraulic locomotion Five limbs Filtration pore for water entry/exit Tube feet for feeding, locomotion, gas exchange ```
69
Trematoda
Molecular mimicry to avoid immune system | Life Cycle- human host > ciliates larvae > snail host > motile larva
70
Cestoda
Tapeworm | Hooks and suckers
71
Trichinella Spiralis Life Cycle
Enters human via undercooked meat w/ juvenile worms on muscle tissue Able to bypass hosts immune system, controlling expression of genes in muscle that make cells elastic enough to house worms Parasitized muscle undergoes angiogenesis to battle worm w/ oxygen and nutrients
72
Chordata
Contains invertebrates and vertebrates | Bilateral and segmented body plan
73
Derived Chordate Traits
Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord Notochord Pharyngeal gill slits Post Anal tail
74
Notochord
Long flexible rod between digestive tube and nerve cord
75
Lancelets
Suspension feeders | Chordates
76
Urochordata
Chordate larval stage | Sea squirts
77
Myxini
Hagfish | Produces slime to escape predators
78
Tunicates vs. Lancelets
``` Tunicates -take water through siphon -U shaped digestive system Lancelets -no respiratory system -Simple tube digestive system ```
79
Derived Characteristics of Vertebrates
Vertebrae enclosing a spinal cord Elaborate skull Fin Rays
80
Origins of Bone and Teeth
Mineralization originated with vertebrate mouthparts
81
Chondrichthyes
Jawed fishes Allows firm grasp on food Flexible skeletons of cartilage Loss of bone in sharks is derived trait
82
Oviparous
Eggs hatch outside the mothers body
83
Ovoviviparous
Embryo develops within uterus nourished by by egg yolk
84
Viviparous
Embryo develops within uterus and is nourished though placenta
85
Actinopterygii
``` Ray finned fish Early lineages had lungs Modern lineages have a swim bladder Bony endoskeleton Operculum protects gills Fins supported rays ```
86
Jaws/Paired Finned Advantages
Jaws allow gripping and slicing of food | Paired fins allow accurate maneuverability
87
Coelacanths
Living fossils
88
Lung Fish
Have gills and lungs | Gulp air into lungs
89
Tetrapods
``` Gnathosomes that have limbs Four limbs, feet w/ digits Neck Fusion of pelvic girdle to backbone Absence of gills Ears ```
90
Tiktaalik
Missing link exhibiting both fish and tetrapod characteristics
91
Amphibian
Limbs w/ digits Prolific in Carboniferous Moist skin
92
Amphibians Water Dependence
Need moist skin for gas exchange Eggs lack shells and dehydrate quickly External egg fertilization
93
Amniotes
Terrestrially adapted egg | Includes reptiles, birds and mammals
94
Amnion
Thin innermost membranous sac enclosing embryo
95
Chorion
Outermost membranous sac enclosing the embryo
96
Yolk Sac
Membranous structure that functions as circulatory system in mammal embryos until heart is functional
97
Allantois
Vascular fetal membrane that develops from hind gut in higher vertebrates
98
Albumen
Water soluble protein found in animal tissues and liquids
99
Reptiles
``` Amniotic eggs Scales made of keratin- create a waterproof barrier Shelled eggs Gas exchange by lungs or cloaca Internal fertilization Ectothermic (except birds) ```
100
Ectothermic
Regulate body temp through behavioral adaptations
101
Endothermic
Keep body warm by metabolism
102
Turtles
Boxlike shell | Closest relatives of the parareptiles
103
Trematoda
Molecular mimicry to avoid immune system | Life Cycle- human host > ciliates larvae > snail host > motile larva
104
Cestoda
Tapeworm | Hooks and suckers
105
Trichinella Spiralis Life Cycle
Enters human via undercooked meat w/ juvenile worms on muscle tissue Able to bypass hosts immune system, controlling expression of genes in muscle that make cells elastic enough to house worms Parasitized muscle undergoes angiogenesis to battle worm w/ oxygen and nutrients
106
Chordata
Contains invertebrates and vertebrates | Bilateral and segmented body plan
107
Derived Chordate Traits
Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord Notochord Pharyngeal gill slits Post Anal tail
108
Notochord
Long flexible rod between digestive tube and nerve cord
109
Lancelets
Suspension feeders | Chordates
110
Urochordata
Chordate larval stage | Sea squirts
111
Myxini
Hagfish | Produces slime to escape predators
112
Tunicates vs. Lancelets
``` Tunicates -take water through siphon -U shaped digestive system Lancelets -no respiratory system -Simple tube digestive system ```
113
Derived Characteristics of Vertebrates
Vertebrae enclosing a spinal cord Elaborate skull Fin Rays
114
Petromyzontida
Oldest vertebrate lineage Cartilage skeleton Jawless mouth
115
Origins of Bone and Teeth
Mineralization appears to have with vertebrate mouthpart
116
Gnathosomes
``` Jaws Lateral line sensitive to movement Chondrichthyes Ray finned fish Lobe fins ```
117
Chondrichthyes
Jaws allow firm grasp of prey Flexible cartilage skeleton Loss of bone is derived
118
Oviparous
Eggs hatch outside mothers body
119
Ovoviviparous
Embryo develops within uterus and nourished by egg yolk
120
Viviparous
Embryo develops within uterus and nourished by placenta
121
Actinopterygii
Have lung derivative (Swim Bladder) Bony endoskeleton Operculum protects gills Fins supported by strong flexible Rays
122
Advantages of Jaws and Paired Fins
Jaws- allow hold of food | Paired Fins- allow accurately with swimming
123
Lobe Fin Fish
Muscular pectoral and pelvic used to swim underwater | Three lineages- coelacanths, lungfish, tetrapods
124
Coelacanth
Living fossil, lobe fins
125
Lung Fish
Have gills and lungs | Can gulp air
126
Tetrapods
``` Gnathosomes with limbs Four limbs, feet with digits Neck Fusion of pelvic girdle to backbone Absence of gills Ears ```
127
Tiktaalik
Missing link that has both fish and tetrapod characteristics
128
Amphibians
Limbs with digits Prolific in Carboniferous Moist skin for gas exchange
129
Amphibian Water Dependence
Moist skin for gas exchange Shellless eggs, dehydrate quickly External fertilization
130
Amniotes
Terrestrially adapted eggs | Includes reptiles, birds and mammals
131
Derived Characteristics of Amniotes
Amniotic eggs | Membranes that protect embryo
132
Amnion
Innermost membranous sac enclosing developing embryo
133
Chorion
Outermost membranous sac enclosing the membrane
134
Yolk Sac
Membranous structure that functions as a circulatory system in mammal embryos
135
Allantois
Vascular fetal membrane that develops from hindgut
136
Albumen
Water soluble protein found in animal tissues and liquids
137
Reptiles
``` Amniotic egg Scales made of keratin creates water proof barrier Shelled eggs Gas exchange via lungs or cloaca Internal fertilization Ectothermic (except birds) ```
138
Ectothermic
Absorb heat as main body source | Regulate body temp through behavior
139
Endothermic
Keep body warm through metabolism
140
Turtles
Boxlike shells | Closest relatives are parareptiles
141
Pterosaurs
First tetrapods to exhibit flight | Theropods are ancestral birds
142
Tuatara
Ancestors of lepidosaurs
143
Derived Characters of Birds
``` Wings w/ keratin feathers Lack urinary bladder Females w/ one ovary Loss of teeth Enhanced eyesight ```
144
Mammals
Amniotes Hair Milk from mammary glands Endothermic
145
Monotremes
Small group of egg laying mammals
146
Marsupials
Have nipples Embryo develops in placenta Completes embryonic development in marsupium
147
Primates
Hands and feet for grasping Larger brains and shorter jaws Forward facing eyes Complex social interactions
148
Derived Characteristics of Apes
Apes larger than monkeys Sexual dimorphism Capable of brachiating
149
Derived Human Characteristics
Humans stand upright on two legs Larger brains capable of language and complex tools Reduced jawbones and digestive tract
150
Hominoid
Family containing apes and humans collectively
151
Hominin
Refers to humans and extinct close relatives | Organisms more closely related to humans than chimps
152
Paleoanthropology
Study of human origins
153
Human Evolution Trend
Brain size increases Jaw shape flattens Bipedal posture
154
Multi regional Hypothesis
Modern humans evolved from parallel from local H. Erectus populations
155
Out of Africa Hypothesis
Homo Sapiens valves from second major out of Africa | Evidence: high genetic similarity and loss of genetic diversity

Biology (3 decks)

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