Exam 3 Flashcards
1
Q
What are the two important functions of the ankle/foot complex?
A
Support and propulsion
2
Q
What is one of the most common ailments today?
A
foot trouble
3
Q
Poor _____ can lead to discomfort
A
foot mechanics
4
Q
What do you need to aleviate foot trouble?
A
muscular development
muscle strength
proper foot mechanics
5
Q
How many bones are in the ankle/foot complex?
A
28 bones
6
Q
How many joints are in the ankle/foot complex?
A
34 joints
7
Q
How many large muscles are in the ankle/foot?
A
19 large muscles
8
Q
How many ligaments are in the ankle/foot?
A
More than 100
9
Q
The _____ and _____ are located in the lower leg and are a part of the ankle/foot
A
fibula and tibia
10
Q
The _____ and _____ are in the foot and are part of the ankle/foot
A
talus and calcaneus
11
Q
What makes the ankle more stable in dorsiflexion?
A
The anterior section of the talus being wider
12
Q
There are ____ tarsal bones
A
5
13
Q
There are ____ metatarsals
A
5
14
Q
What are the 5 tarsal bones?
A
Navicular, cuboid, 3 cuneiforms
15
Q
There are _____ phalanges in the foot
A
14
16
Q
The foot has an _______ structure
A
elastic arched
17
Q
In static, upright posture, the shape of the arches is maintained by what?
A
bones and ligaments
18
Q
There are two arches of the foot. What are they?
A
longitudinal arch and transverse arch
19
Q
What are the 5 joints of the ankle/foot complex?
A
Talocrural, subtalar, transverse tarsal, metatarsophalangeal, interphalangeal
20
Q
What is the osteology of the talocrural joint?
A
Talus, tibia/fibula
21
Q
What type of joint is the talocrural joint?
A
hinge
22
Q
How many degrees of freedom does the talocrural joint move in?
A
1
23
Q
The talocrural joint has what motions?
A
dorsiflexion and plantarflexion
24
Q
The talocrural joint dorsiflexes how much?
A
15-20 degrees
25
The talocrural joint plantarflexes how much?
50 degrees
26
What ligaments are on the medial side of the ankle?
Calcaneotibial, anterior talotibial, tibionavicular, posterior talotibial, plantar calcaneonavicular
27
What are the ligaments of the deltoid group?
Calcaneotibial, anterior talotibial, tibionavicular, posterior talotibial
28
What ligaments are on the lateral side of the ankle?
Anterior talofibular, calcaneofibular, posterior talofibular
29
What is the osteology of the subtalar joint?
talus, calcaneus
30
What type of joint is the subtalar joint?
gliding joint
31
How many degrees of freedom does the subtalar joint move in?
1
32
What motions occur at the subtalar joint?
inversion, eversion
33
What is the osteology of the transverse tarsal joints?
Talus, calcaneus, tarsal bones
34
What type of joint is the transverse tarsal joint?
gliding
35
How many degrees of freedom do the transverse tarsal joints move in?
2
36
What movements occur at the transverse tarsal joint?
inversion/eversion, abduction/adduction, plantarflexion/dorsiflexion
37
What is the osteology of the metatarsalphalangeal joint?
metatarsals, phalanges
38
What type of joint is the metatarsalphalangeal joint?
condyloid
39
How many degrees of freedom do metatarsophalangeal joints move in?
2
40
Motion of metatarsophalangeal joints:
Flexion/extension, abduction/adduction
41
What type of joints are interphalangeal joints?
hinge
42
What movements occur at the ankle joint?
dorsiflexion and plantarflexion
43
What motions occur at the tarsal joints?
dorsiflexion/plantarflexion, inversion/adduction, Eversion/abduction
44
Open chain pronation is what?
eversion, dorsiflexion, and abduction
45
Open chain supination is what?
inversion, plantarflexion, and adduction
46
What is the joint action of the metatarsophalangeal joints?
flexion/extension, limited abduction/adduction
47
What is the joint action of the interphalangeal joints?
flexion/extension
48
What is the primary function of the intrinsic muscles of the foot?
stability of the arch
49
What are the plantarflexors of the foot?
Gastroc, soleus, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus, peroneus longus, peroneus brevis, tibialis posterior, plantaris
50
The _____ is the only functional bone in the body with no muscular attachment
talus
51
What is the function of the gastroc?
plantarflexion
52
The gastroc is more effective when?
When the knee is extended
53
What kind of fibers does the gastroc have?
fast twitch
54
The gastroc is good for what movements?
running, jumping
55
What is the function of the soleus?
plantarflexion, supination
56
With the gastroc, the soleus does what?
locks foot into rigid lever during weight bearing stance
57
What kind of fibers does the soleus have?
more slow twitch
58
The soleus is an important _____ muscle
postural
59
What is the function of the flexor digitorum longus?
flexion of the toes, plantarflexion, and support for longitudinal arch
60
What is the function of the flexor hallucis longus?
Flexion of great toe, plantarflexion, and support of longitudinal arch
61
what is the primary promator of the foot?
peroneus longus
62
What are the functions of the peroneus longus?
pronation of foot, plantarflexion, support of both arches
63
What are the functions of the peroneus Brevis?
pronation of the foot, plantarflexion, maintain longitudinal arch
64
What is the primary supinator of the foot?
tibialis posterior
65
What are the functions of the tibialis posterior?
supination, plantarflexion, reversing pronation during gait
66
What are the dorsiflexors of the foot?
Tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus, peroneus tertius
67
What are the evertors of the foot?
peroneus longus, peroneus brevis, peroneus terius, extensor digitorum longus
68
What are the invertors of the foot?
tibialis anterior, tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus
69
What is the largest, most complex joint in the body?
knee
70
The knee is important in _______ and ______
weight bearing and locomotion
71
Dynamic stability in the knee is provided by what?
extensors and flexors
72
Static stability in the knee is provided by what?
strong ligamentous structures
73
What are the bones of the knee?
femur, tibia, fibula, patella
74
What are the joints of the knee?
patellofemoral joint and tibiofemoral joint
75
What is the osteology of the patellofemoral joint?
patella, femoral condyles
76
What type of joint is the patellofemoral joint?
arthrodial joint
77
The patella glides over what?
femoral condyles
78
What does the patellofemoral joint reduce?
friction between quadriceps tendon and femoral condyles
79
What is the osteology of the tibiofemoral joint?
femur, tibia
80
What type of joint is the tibiofemoral joint?
hinge
81
How many degrees of freedom of the tibiofemoral joint have?
2
82
How much flexion does the tibiofemoral joint move in?
140 degrees
83
How much extension does the tibiofemoral joint move in?
10 degrees of hyperextension
84
How much internal rotation can the tibiofemoral joint move in?
30 degrees
85
How much external rotation can the tibiofemoral joint move in?
45 degrees
86
What provides for a more congruent joint?
menisci
87
Menisci are circular rims of what?
fibrocartilage
88
Menisci are thick at ______ borders and have a thin _______ _____
peripheral, inner portion
89
The lateral menisci is what shape?
an incomplete circle
90
The medial menisci is what shape?
C shaped
91
What do menisci do?
supports knee, cushions actions.
92
Why is the medial menisci more often injureD?
stronger attachment
93
What does the hip complex consist of?
The hip joints and pelvic girdle
94
The hip/pelvic girdle relationship is similar to what?
Shoulder joint/shoulder girdle relationship
95
What are the similarities of the hip complex to the shoulder complex?
Mobility is primary function, ball and socket joints, connection of the extremity to the trunk, 3 degrees of freedom
96
What are the differences between the hip complex and the shoulder complex?
Shoulders move independently, depth of the acetabulum limits movement, the pelvic girdle depends on lumbar joints and hip for movement.
97
The lack of range of motion is an indicator of what?
The hip region is important for stability.
98
What are the bones of the pelvic girdle?
Sacrum, pelvic bone, femur
99
What are the parts of the pelvic bone?
Ilium, Ischium, Pubis
100
What are the joints of the pelvic girdle?
Sacroiliac joint
101
The Sacroiliac joint is the articulation of what?
pelvic bones and sacrum
102
The movement of the pelvis occurs because of what?
motions in the lumbar region and at the hips
103
What are the movements of the pelvis?
- Anterior/posterior tilt
- Left/right lateral tilt
- Left/right transverse/pelvic rotation
104
What are pelvic movements?
The motion at the pelvis occuring along with the motions at the hip and the lumbar spine
105
Lateral tilt occurs in what plane?
frontal
106
When the pelvis is in anterior tilt, the lumbar spine and hip are in what?
extension and hip flexion
107
When the pelvis is in posterior tilt, the lumbar spine and hips are in what?
flexion, hip extension
108
When the pelvis is in left lateral tilt, the lumbar spine and hips are in what?
Right lateral flexion and adduction or abduction
109
When the pelvis is in right lateral tilt, the lumbar spine and hips are in what?
left lateral flexion, abduction and adduction
110
When the pelvis is in left transverse rotation, what are the lumbar spine and hips in?
right rotation, R: external rotation and L: internal rotation
111
When the pelvis is in right transverse rotation, what are the lumbar spine and hips in?
left rotation and R: internal rotation and L: external rotation
112
Muscles of pelvic motion are all what?
either hip joint or lumbar spine muscles
113
What are the muscles that cause anterior pelvic tilt?
Hip flexors and lumbosacral spinal extensors
114
What muscles cause posterior pelvic tilt?
Hip extensors (glute max, hamstrings) and lumbosacral spinal flexors (abdominals)
115
What are the muscles that cause right lateral pelvic tilt?
left lateral lumbosacral flexors, right hip abductors, left hip adductors
116
Adductors will not cause lateral pelvic tilt if what?
If you have locked knees and ankles
117
What muscles cause right pelvic rotation?
left lumbosacral rotators, left hip external rotators, right hip internal rotators
118
What are the bones of the hip joint?
acetabulum and head of femur
119
What are the joints of the hip?
Coxofemoral joint
| Acetabulofemoral joint
120
What type of joint is the coxofemoral joint?
Ball and socket
121
How many degrees of freedom does the coxofemoral joint move in?
3
122
The coxofemoral joint can move in how many degrees of flexion?
120 degrees
123
The coxofemoral joint can move in how many degrees of extension?
30
124
The coxofemoral joint can move in how many degrees of abduction?
50
125
The coxofemoral joint can move in how many degrees of adduction?
30
126
The coxofemoral joint can move in how many degrees of internal rotation?
45
127
The coxofemoral joint can move in how many degrees of external rotation?
50
128
What is the primary extensor of the hip?
Glute max
129
Though the gluteus maximus is the primary extensor of the hip, in walking, the _______ are primarily active
hamstrings
130
What reinforces the hip joint?
Dense ligamentous capsule
131
What absorbs force during walking?
Thick Hyaline articular cartilage
132
What lines the acetabulum?
Acetabular labrum
133
The acetabular labrum covers hyaline cartilage, and does what?
adds depth to joint
134
The hip joint capsule is ______, but not elastic
extensible
135
What are the movements of the hip?
flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, internal/external rotation, diagonal adduction/abduction, circumduction
136
What are the flexors of the hip?
Iliopsoas, Pectineus, Rectus femoris, sartorius, TFL
137
What are the functions of the iliopsoas?
strong flexion and external rotation
138
What are the functions of the pectineus?
Flexion, assists in adduction, external rotation, rotates pelvis anteriorly
139
What are the functions of the rectus femoris?
flexion and assists with adduction
140
What are the functions of the sartorius?
Flexion, abduction, external rotation of thigh as hip and knee flexed
141
What is the function of the TFL?
Abduction, flexion, tendency to internally rotate hip as it flexes
142
What are the hip extensors?
Biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendonosis, gluteus maximus
143
What is the function of the biceps femoris?
extension, external rotation
144
What is the biceps femoris important for?
any type of propelling the body
145
What are the functions of the semitendinosus and semimembranosus?
extension and internal rotation
146
The semis are most effective in extension of _____ OR flexion of _____, not both at the same time
hip, knee
147
What is the function of the gluteus maximus?
powerful extension
external rotation
lower portion assists in adduction
upper portion abducts against strong resistance
148
The glute max is not used in what?
walking
149
The glute max has strong action in what?
running, jumping
150
What are the adductors of the hip?
adductor brevis, adductor longus, adductor magnus, gracilis
151
What is the function of the adductor brevis?
adduction
aids in flexion,
external rotation as adduction occurs
152
The adductor brevis has a powerful movement in the this in which direction?
medially
153
What are the functions of the adductor longus?
adduction
| assists in flexion
154
What are the functions of the adductor magnus?
adduction
assists in extension
external rotation as hips adduct
155
What muscle is used in the kick of the breaststroke?
adductor magnus
156
What is the function of the gracilis?
adduction
secondary assistance in flexion
internal rotation
weak assistance to flexion
157
What are the abductors?
gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, six deep lateral rotators
158
What is the function of the gluteus medius?
abduction
anterior fibers: internal rotation
Posterior fibers: external rotation os hip abducts
159
What keeps the opposite hip from sagging?
gluteus medius
160
What is the function of the gluteus minimus?
abduction
| internal rotation as hip abducts
161
What powerfully maintains proper hip abduction while running?
gluteus minimus
162
What tends to lose effectiveness with age, despite training?
gluteus minimus
163
What is the primary flexor of the hip?
iliopsoas
164
What are the flexors of the hip?
```
Iliopsoas
rectus femoris
tensor fascia lata
sartorius
pectineus, adductor longus, adductor brevis, gracilis
```
165
What are the adductors of the hip?
```
Pectineus
Adductor brevis,
adductor longus
adductor magnus
gracilis
```
166
What are the abductors of the hip?
gluteus medius
gluteus minimus
gluteus maximus, sartorius
167
What are the external rotators of the hip?
Obturator internus and externus
gemellus superior and inferior
quadratus femoris
piriformis
168
What is the primary internal rotator
There is no primary internal rotator of the hip
169
What are the internal rotators of the hip?
gluteus medius, TFL
