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Nutrition 10 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Energy balance?

A

is the relationship between energy intake and energy expenditure

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2
Q

When does energy equilibrium occurs?

A

When the calories consumed from food and beverages (energy intake) match the amount of energy expended

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3
Q

What is positive and negative energy balance?

A

Negative energy balance results when energy intake is less than energy expenditure.
If energy intake exceeds energy expended, the result is a positive energy balance.

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4
Q

What is Basal metabolism (expressed as basal metabolic rate [BMR])

A

represents the minimum amount of energy expended in a fasting state (12 hours or more) to keep a resting, awake body alive in a warm, quiet environment.

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5
Q

what is basal metabolism

A

Minimum amount of energy the body uses to support itself when fasting, resting, and awake in a warm, quiet environment

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6
Q

what is thermic effect of food?

A

Energy the body uses to digest, absorb, transport, store, and metabolize nutrients.

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7
Q

what is thermogenesis?

A

Heat production by humans.

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8
Q

The thermic effect of food (TEF)

A

is the energy the body uses to digest, absorb, transport, store, and metabolize the nutrients consumed in the diet.

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9
Q

Direct calorimetry

A

estimates energy expenditure by measuring the amount of body heat released by a person.

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10
Q

Indirect calorimetry

A

, the most commonly used method to determine energy use by the body, involves collecting expired air from an individual during a specified amount of time (Fig. 10-5).

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11
Q

What is —

EER, AGE, PA, WT, HT

A 
EER = Estimated Energy Requirement
AGE = Age in years
PA = Physical Activity Estimate (see the accompanying table on page 320)
WT = Weight in kg (lb ± 2.2)
HT = Height in meters (inches ÷ 39.4)
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12
Q

ghrelin

A

Hormone made by the stomach that increases food intake

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13
Q

leptin

A

Hormone made by adipose tissue that influences long-term regulation of fat mass.

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14
Q

body mass index (BMI)

A

is the preferred weight-for-height standard because it is more closely related to body fat content

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15
Q

anorexia nervosa

A

Eating disorder involving a psychological loss or denial of appetite followed by self-starvation; it is related, in part, to a distorted body image and to social pressures.
Treatment: experience people
average time for recovery from anorexia nervosa is 7 years

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16
Q

bulimia nervosa

A

Eating disorder in which large quantities of food are eaten at one time (binge eating) and counteracted by purging food from the body, fasting, and/or excessive exercise.
Treatment: decrease the amount of food consumed in a binge session

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17
Q

binge-eating disorder

A

Eating disorder characterized by recurrent binge eating and feelings of loss of control over eating.

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18
Q

Metabolism

A

refers to the entire network of chemical processes involved in maintaining life.

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19
Q

metabolic pathway

A

A group of biochemical reactions that occur in a progression from beginning to end

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20
Q

what are intermediates.

A

Compounds formed in metabolic pathway

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21
Q

Anabolic

A

pathways use small, simpler compounds to build larger, more complex compounds

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22
Q

Ketone bodies

A

are products of incomplete fatty acid oxidation

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23
Q

Protein metabolism

A

takes place primarily in the liver…begins after proteins are degraded into amino acids…To use an amino acid for fuel, cells must first deaminate them (remove the amino group)

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24
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

produce glucose from certain amino acids

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25
Alcohol Metabolism
alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) pathway is the main pathway for alcohol metabolism...alcohol is converted in the cytosol to acetaldehyde...., the acetaldehyde formed is converted to acetyl-CoA
26
what do ATP Concentrations do?
in a cell helps regulate metabolism..High ADP concentrations stimulate energy-yielding pathways
27
Effects of fasting and feasting
Both fasting and feasting affect metabolism. The form of each macronutrient and the rate at which it is used vary when the calorie supplies are insufficient or exceed needs
28
what type of drug is Alcohol
narcotic,reduces sensations and consciousness, and a central nervous system depressant.
29
What chemical is in alcohol we consume?
ethanol
30
What is standard drink for beer, wine cooler, wine glass, and hard liquor
to a 12-ounce beer, 10-ounce wine cooler, 5-ounce glass of wine, or 1.5-ounce pour of hard liquor.
31
How is alcohol absorbed?
by simple diffusion
32
How is alcohol metabolized?
alcohol is metabolized through a series of reactions called the ADH pathway in stomach...once too much alcohol is consumed MEOS takes over in the liver and then Catalase pathway helps out
33
What are some benefits to Alcohol intake?
reduced feeling of anxiety and stress... lower the risk of cardiovascular disease, overall mortality, heart disease.
34
Risks of excessive alcohol intake?
heart failure, certain forms of cancer, cirrhosis of the liver, motor vehicle and other accidents, and suicides
35
fatty liver
Accumulation of triglycerides and other lipids inside liver cells; most often caused by excessive alcohol intake
36
cirrhosis
Chronic degenerative disease, caused by poisons (e.g., alcohol) that damage liver cells, that results in a reduced ability to synthesize proteins and metabolize nutrients, drugs, and poisons.
37
Wemicke-Korsakoff syndrome
Thiamin deficiency disease caused by excessive alcohol consumption. Symptoms include eye problems, difficulty walking, and deranged mental function
38
what are Effects of alcohol abuse on Nutritional Status?
to replace much of the food in their diets with alcohol,risk of developing many nutrient deficiencies...individual relies on alcohol for the majority of his or her energy needs, protein-energy malnutrition develops.
39
Resistance exercise
defined as activities that use muscular strength to move a weight or work against a resistant load
40
flexibility exercise.
type of exercise that increases the ability of a joint to move through its entire range of motion
41
phosphocreatine
High-energy compound that can be used to re-form ATP from ADP..creatine (Cr) and is stored in small amounts in muscle
42
What is creatine?
Creatine is an organic molecule in muscle cells that is synthesized from 3 amino acids: glycine, arginine, and methionine...
43
What energy source for following level of activity? 2-4 seconds, 60 sec., Short-term/high intensity, Prolonged/long intensity?
``` 2-4 = ATP 60sec= Phosphocreatine short/high= Carbohydrates prolong/low= fat ```
44
What 3 things makes good experiment?
Quantifiable data: things that can be measured Appropriate experimental group: experimental group Proper controls: control group to compare your findings
45
what is hypertrophy and atrophy
. Muscles enlarge after being made to work repeatedly, | atrophy= muscles diminish in size and lose strength
46
What is ergogenic aid: examples, benefits, and risks)
Substance or treatment nutritional, psychological, pharmacological, mechanical, or physiological substance or treatment intended intended to directly improve exercise performance. example : creatin benefits: improve performance in athletes risks: kidney damage
47
ataxia
Inability to coordinate muscle activity during voluntary movement; incoordination.
48
Body water is found in 2 body compartments
``` intracellular = inside cells extracellular = outside cells ```
49
electrolytes
Compounds that separate into ions in water and, in turn, are able to conduct an electrical current. These include sodium, chloride, and potassium.
50
ion
Atom with an unequal number of electrons and protons
51
renin
Enzyme formed in the kidneys and released in response to low blood pressure. it acts on a blood protein called angiotensinogen to produce angiotensin
52
hyponatremia
Low serum sodium
53
What is catabolism vs. anabolism
``` cata= building up ana= destorying ```
54
What aree diffferent energy balances.. positive/negative?
``` positive= more energy input than output negative= energy is less than output ```
55
What is energy expenditure and what are 4 ways?
``` all ways energy is output ... adaptive thermogensis Phpysical activity Basal metabolic rate thermic effect of food ```
56
Hemochromatosis
excess iron, accumulates in liver
57
What is scientific method?
``` Observe Hypothesis conduct experiment to test other people evaluate the results are confirmed or rejects ```
58
What are 3 types of nutritional research? and define
Observational study- cross sectional-at given time or longitudinal changes over time Human experiments- effects that result from altering diets randomized control trail Laboratory animal experiments - requirements and functions on animals not used on humans
59
What are components of a research paper?
Abstract= brief background and topic and study preformed Introduction= provides background info Materials and methods =: lists materials used in experiment Results Discussion References/acknowledgments
60
When does puberty begin in girls and boys?
``` girls = 10-13 boys= 12-15 ```
61
Nutrient needs for boys and girls growth
The faster the growth rate, the greater the nutrient and calorie needs per pound of body weight
62
Guidelines for feeding infants
Daily protein needs in infancy are roughly 1.5 g/kg...rapid growth and high metabolic rate pound for pound, to be 2 to 4 times greater than adults... needs fat
63
Breastfeeding vs formula
Factors in human milk promote the maturation of the immune system and intestinal tract. Breastfed infants also have a reduced risk of health problems... formula = more expensive
64
when should you introduce solid food to infants?
between 6-12 months.. needed for nutrition from solid foods.. wide varierty = willingness to taste new foods and more nutritious
65
Guidelines for feeding infants
make sure all sanitary, 2-3ounce of human milk for every 2-4 hours
66
When does food preferences start?
Food preferences begin to be established during fetal life and continue to develop in the years spanning infancy and adolescence
67
Adult years Physiological changes
Physiological functions typically decline with age
68
FAD diet, traits and problems
problem is anxiety around food cost repetitive inadequate micro nutrients
69
Atkins diet
low carbs promote weight loss dieters rely on fats to get energy
70
Beta oxidation cycle
Acetly CoA --> Kerbs cycle --> oxidative phosphorylation
71
Glycolysis has 2 roles
to break down carbohydrates to generate energy and to provide building blocks for synthesizing other needed compounds.
72
risks related with Food insecurities
malnutrition, decreased immune system, asthma, hunger obesity paradox = prevalence of hunger and food insecurity
73
2 protein amino acids
Ketogenic AA: directly ---> Acetyl CoA | Glucogenic AA: indirectly ---> glucose
74
Iron role and deficiencies.
iron functions as a component of hemoglobin and other key compounds used in respiration D= anemia
75
Calcium roles and deficiencies.
calcium Major mineral component of bones and teeth.. D=
76
What is Ketogenesis?
the process in which ketone bodies are produced as a result of fayyu acid breakdown
77
4 stages of Anaerobic respiration?
Glycolysis= glucose to pyruvate transition reaction- pyruvate to acetly CoA Citric acid cycle- take CoA into Kerbs cycle Electron transport chain- NADH turns into ATP and releases carbon dixoide
78
How is alcohol produced? and define it
fermentation - occurs when yeast converts carbohydrates to alcohol and carbon dioxide
79
Anaeobic vs aerobic mitochondria
Anaeobic will be used in a cell that doesn't have mitochondria aerobic for all cells with mitochondria
80
beta oxidation
fatty acid converts into Acetyl CoA... NADH and
81
SNAP define
SNAP = working, low income, cannot purchase certain foods | entitlement program- support everyone that applies
82
WIC program define
WIC= qualify pregnant, breastfeeding, kids up to 5 at nutritional risk not entitlement- they cannot support everyone
83
NSLP define
NSLP= increase fruits and veges in lunch, only get 3$ per meal so cannot meet needs
84
Entitlement vs. grant program
Entitlement money is provide for how many people sign up no matter what the cost...Grant is the program is awarded an amount of money to spend and thats it.

Nutrition 10 (5 decks)

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