NST 10 Final Flashcards
(146 cards)
1
Q
What are Macro & Micronutrients
A
Macronutrients = carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and water Micronutrients= vitamins and minerals
2
Q
What is EARs and how often?
A
Estimated Average Requirements
Daily Nutrients intake amounts
3
Q
What is RDAs and how often?
A
Recommended Dietary Allowance
daily nutrients intake amounts
4
Q
What is Als and how often?
A
Adequate Intake and daily intake amounts for nutrients
5
Q
What is ULs and amount?
A
= Tolerable Upper Intake Levels
maximum daily intake amounts of nutrients
6
Q
What is EERs and what info dose it provide?
A
= Estimated Energy Requirements
Average daily energy
7
Q
What is Nutrient Dense
A
A food is nutrient dense when it meets more nutrient needs than calorie need
8
Q
What is energy dense?
A
When food has alot of energy in it
9
Q
How to calculate total calories to diet
A
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10
Q
Required AMDR for each macro nutrient
A
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11
Q
How to calculate percentage of energy from each macro nutrient.
A
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12
Q
Structure and Functions of triglycerides?
A
Triglycerides
- -Structure = 3 fatty acids attached (bond) to glycerol
- -Function= provide energy, insulate and protect body
13
Q
Gut Microbiome: Origin and function
A
Microbiome : collectively all the microbes in the human body; a community of microbes.
14
Q
Structure and Function of Phospholipids
A
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15
Q
Structure and function of sterols
A
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16
Q
Omega-3: structure, dietary sources, and function
A
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17
Q
Omega-6: structure, dietary sources, and function
A
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18
Q
Function of different lipoproteins
A
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19
Q
Structure and function of monosaccharide’s
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20
Q
Structure and function of Disaccharides
A
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21
Q
Structure and function of Polysaccharides
A
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22
Q
Carbohydrates digestible forms
A
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23
Q
Gluten free food and gluten-associated diseases
A
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24
Q
Functions of proteins
A
Producing Vital Body Structures Maintaining Fluid Balance Neurotransmitters Contributing to Immune Function Providing Energy – 4 kcal/g
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Protein Digestion
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26
Protein denaturation
Altering protein’s 3 dimensional structure – Acid, alkaline, heat, enzymes, or agitation
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Protein absorption
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Protein Symptoms of deficiency and excess
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29
Nitrogen Balance
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30
Essential vs. nonessential vs. conditional amino acids
```
Non = Body can produce
Essential= must be taken via food
Conditional = Essential during infancy, disease or trauma
```
31
Micronutrient Deficiency Vulnerable populations
.
32
Micronutrient Deficiency Examples: iron, zinc, vitamin A, iodine
.
33
What is Biofortification
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34
What is fortification
.
35
What is supplementation?
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36
What Is dietary diversity?
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37
What is Golden Rice?
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38
FatSoluble Vitamins ● Vitamin A, D, E, K
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39
Vitamin A ○ Sources and storage
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Vitamin A -Conversion pathways between different structural forms
.
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Function and symptoms of deficiency for different forms of vitamin A
■ Retinol ■ Retinal ■ Retinoic acid
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42
Vitamin D Sources and forms
Salmon, tuna, and mackerel. SUN
43
Vitamin D Role in the regulation of blood calcium level
calcium transport, the only hormone that can induce intestinal Ca++ absorption.
44
Vitamin D: Deficiency symptoms
rickets, osteoporosis
45
Vitamin Bs, C
| ○ Sources
.
46
Vitamin Bs, C
| ○ Functions
.
47
Vitamin Bs, C
| ○ Symptoms/ diseases of deficiency
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48
Bariatric surgery
| ○ Pros and cons
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Bariatric Surgery
| ○ Impact on watersoluble and fatsoluble vitamin status
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50
Dietary sources of Calcium
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51
Copper Dietary sources
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52
Iron Dietary sources
nuts eggs raisins, meat, pork, shellfish
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Zinc Dietary sources
.
54
Zinc functions
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Iron functions
functional component of hemoglobin and respiration, every metabolism
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Calcium functions
.
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Copper Functions
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Copper deficiency symptoms
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Calcium deficiency symptoms
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60
Zinc deficiency symptoms
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61
Iron deficiency symptoms
fatigue, reduces work capacity, and weakens the immune system. Hemocromatosis
62
Genetic disorders related to copper, iron and zinc
Copper
Iron
Zinc
63
Nutrient requirements during pregnancy and its deficiency symptoms
○ Iron
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64
Nutrient requirements during pregnancy and its deficiency symptoms - Folate
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Nutrient requirements during pregnancy and its deficiency symptoms ○ Calcium
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66
Weight gain control during pregnancy
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Definition of food insecurity
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Food desert
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Obesity insecurity paradox
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Alcohol ● Absorption
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Alcohol Metabolism pathways
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72
Alcohol ● Energy density of alcohol
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Alcohol ● Diseases associated with overconsumption
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74
Catabolism vs. anabolism
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75
generate energy from Glucose
Anaerobic respiration
Aerobic metabolism
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76
Generate energy from Fat
Beta-oxidation
Ketogenesis
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77
Protein
■ Ketogenic amino acid
■ Glucogenic amino acid
■ Gluconeogenesis
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78
How to generate energy from Alcohol
.
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Role of micronutrients in energy metabolism
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80
Energy balance
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81
Energy expenditure
○ Basal metabolic rate
○ Physical activity
○ Thermic effect of food
○ Adaptive thermogenesis
82
BMI and its limitation
.
83
Anorexia nervosa
Eating disorder involving a psychological loss or denial of appetite followed by self-starvation
84
Bulimia nervosa
Eating disorder in which large quantities of food are eaten at one time (binge eating) and counteracted by purging food
85
Binge eating disorder
.Eating disorder characterized by recurrent binge eating and feelings of loss of control over eating.
86
Components of healthy weight loss programs
.
87
Energy sources for physical activity
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88
ATP energy source
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Phosphocreatine
High-energy compound that can be used to re-form ATP from ADP
90
Carbohydrates energy source
Glycogenolysis
Gluconeogenesis
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91
Fat energy source
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92
Protein energy source `
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93
Ergogenic aids
Substance or treatment nutritional, psychological, pharmacological, mechanical, or physiological substance or treatment intended intended to directly improve exercise performance
94
Different nutritional needs in adolescents
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95
Respective benefits for infant formula vs. mother’s milk
.Factors in human milk promote the maturation of the immune system and intestinal tract. Breastfed infants also have a reduced risk of health problems... formula = more expensive
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Consideration of when to introduce solid foods to babies
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Potential nutritionrelated problems of the growing years
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Physiological changes during adult years
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Different nutritional needs in aging adults
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Nutritional deterioration for adults
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101
Exercise recommendations for adults
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102
What is Dietary Guidelines for Americans
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What is MyPlate
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Components of GI tract
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Structure of GI tract
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Accessory organs of GI Tract
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Function of each organ in digestion in GI Tract
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GI Tract Secreted chemicals
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GI Tract Secreted enzymes
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How do we digest and absorb different macronutrients from diet? Starch ○ Fiber ○ Simple sugar ○ Protein ○ Fat
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111
Whole grains vs. refined grains
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112
Enrichment and fortification
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113
Health benefits of fiber
.
114
Components of Mediterranean diet
```
40% kcal form fat is healthy if mostly MUFA
Features
Regular exercise and rest
Olive oil as main fat
Weekly fish intake
Abundance of fruits and veges
```
115
Risk factors of CVD
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116
Protein complementation
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117
Pros and cons of vegetarianism
Pro: healthy eatter, greens, stay away from unhealthy foods and trans fat.
Cons: lack of B12, Calcium, iron, zinc, vitamin D, high-quality protein, riboflavin
118
Protein quality
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119
Definition of dietary supplements
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120
Supplements regulation ○ FTC ○ FDA ○ USP ○ cGMP
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121
Supplement labeling regulation include/ not include
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Include: Ingredients
Amount in each pill
Daily Value
Daily Dose
Common name of plant
NOT include
Claim the product can cure disease
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122
Potential problem of using %DV
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123
What is SNAP
SNAP = working, low income, cannot purchase certain foods
| entitlement program- support everyone that applies .
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What is WIC
WIC= qualify pregnant, breastfeeding, kids up to 5 at nutritional risk
not entitlement- they cannot support everyone
125
what is NLSP
NSLP= increase fruits and veges in lunch, only get 3$ per meal so cannot meet needs
126
What is entitlement program and grant program
Entitlement Anyone who applies for program they receive it ......Grant is the program is awarded an amount of money to spend and thats it.
127
Potential reason of underutilization
.
128
Three types of nutrition research and their potential pitfalls
Observational studies Human experiments Lab animal experiment
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Characteristics of fad diets
.
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Potential problems of fad diets
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131
Building a healthy diet
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132
Real food vs process food
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133
Three components of a good experiment
.Quantifiable data: things that can be measured
Appropriate experimental group: experimental group
Proper controls: control group to compare your findings
134
what is basal metabolism
Minimum amount of energy the body uses to support itself
135
what is thermic effect of food?
Energy the body uses to digest, absorb, transport, store, and metabolize nutrients.
136
what is thermogenesis?
Heat production by humans.
137
gluconeogenesis
The pathway to produce glucose from certain amino acids...present only in liver cells and certain kidney cells.
138
What energy source for following level of activity? 2-4 seconds, 60 sec., Short-term/high intensity, Prolonged/long intensity?
```
2-4 = ATP
60sec= Phosphocreatine
short/high= Carbohydrates
prolong/low= fat
```
139
Alcohol Metabolism
alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) pathway is the main pathway for alcohol metabolism..
140
Hunger Obesity Paradox
prevalence of obesity and food insecurity
141
Complete Vs Incomplete Proteins
```
Complete= Adequate amounts of all the essential amino acids + Animal proteins, except gelatin
Incomplete= Inadequate amounts of 1 or more of the essential amino acids + Plant proteins, except soybeans
```
142
Adaptation of Protein Synthesis
Constant state of breakdown, rebuilding and repair (protein turnover) in response to diet, exercise, etc
143
Water-soluble vitamin common functions and dietary sources
Functions: to maintain normal function, growth, and maintenance of body tissues.
Sources: fruits and vegetables
144
Protein needs: DV, RDA men and women, ADMR
.
145
Golden Rice
Engineered rice GMO to make provitamin A
146
Define DALYs
Disability Adjusted Life Years
| DALYs = Years of life lost, and Years lived with disability
