Exam 3 Flashcards
1
Q
machine metaphor
A
represents organizations as standardized by repetition, specialization, or predictability
2
Q
vocational anticipatory socialization
A
preparation for becomming a worker in the form of socialization that takes place in early life through family and media
3
Q
continuationof identity
A
imports your normal practices of everyday talk into the work place
4
Q
professional face
A
adapting to culture through speech codes, jargin, and idioms
5
Q
instrumental goals
A
predominantly work
6
Q
relational goals
A
predominantly outside work
7
Q
formality/ hierarchy
A
Creates distance between workers and management. Can represent a strain on relationships because individuals have to use professional face rather than personal identity
8
Q
structuation theory
A
points to the regularities of himam relationships that act as rules and resources drawn on to enable or constrain social interaction
9
Q
sedimentation
A
something laid into the organization by the workers’ talk and everyday relational practices
10
Q
structurational approach
A
To look at how people enact and enable or contain future interactions through their talk
11
Q
industrial time
A
time a person is actually counted as beingwork and is therefor being paid
12
Q
common causes of problems in integral communications
A
spillover effects and surveillance in technology
13
Q
information peer relationships
A
civil and cordial but personal info is limited and profession info is profuse
14
Q
collegial peer relationships
A
friends joke in and out of office
15
Q
special peer relationship
A
high openness, self-disclosure, and intimacy- virtually indistinguishable from best friend relationships and workplace
16
Q
ethocentric bias
A
believing that your culture is the benchmark for all others
17
Q
cross-cultural communication
A
communcication styles and patterns of people from different cultural/social structures
18
Q
intercultural communication
A
how people within the same culture communicate with each other
19
Q
high context societies
A
place a great deal of emphasis on the total environment or context where speech and interaction take place
20
Q
low context societies
A
mor eimportant to have a well structured argument or a well delivered presentation than it is to have social status
21
Q
collectivist
A
stress group benefit and the overriding value of working harmoniously rather than individual personal advancement
22
Q
individualist
A
focusing on the individual persona nd his pr her personal dreams, goals, and achievements, and right to make choices.
23
Q
monochronic society
A
when you do one thing at a time or think of time as a straightline
24
Q
polychronic society
A
multitask, have relaxed views of time and dont necessarily show up on time
25
conflict
involves real or perceived incompatibilities of processes, understandings, and viewpoints between people.
26
conflict-as-opportunity cultures
tend to be individualists- US
27
conflict-as-destructive cultures
tend to be collectivist or community- oriented such as many asian cultures
28
four assumptions of conflict-as-opportunity cultures
1. conflict is a normal, useful process
2. all issues are subject to change through negotiation
3. direct confrontation and conciliation are valued
4. conflict is a necessary renegotiation of an implied contract- a redistribution of opportunity, a release of tensions, and a renewal of relationships
29
four assumptions of conflict-as-destructive cultures
1. conflict is a destructive disturbance of the peace
2. the social system should not be adjusted to meet the needs of members; rather, members should adapt to established values
3. confrontations are destructive and ineffective
4. disputants should be disciplined
30
5 styles of conflict management
1. dominating- forcing others
2. integrating- situation that makes everyone happy
3. compromising- everyone gives up a little
4. obliging- give ip ones position to satisfy another's
5. avoiding
31
co-cultures
smaller groups of culture within a larger cultural mass
32
speech communities
sets of people whose speech codes and practices identify them as a cultural unit, sharing characteristic values through their equally chracateristic speech
33
cultural persuadables
certain topics that people in a societynever bother to persuade anyone else about because their arguments are always raised against a background of common understanding and shared beliefs
34
speech codes
a cultures verbalization of meaning and symbols
35
culture as a code
what we have in mind when we talk abotu societys secret agents and how we do culture in talk and relationships
36
restricted code
A way of speaking that emphasizes authority and adopts certain community/cultural orientations as indisputable facts
37
elaborated code
Speech that emphasizes the reasoning behind a command. Expresses individuality
38
media generations
differentiated by unique media grammar and media consciousness based on the technological environment in which they are born
39
relational technologies
emphasize the relational functions and implications of their use in society and within specific groups
40
synchronous communication
to interact in real time and can send and receive messages at once
41
asynchronous communication
interaction containing a slight or prolonged delay- alternate between sending and receiving
42
media equation
People use the same social rules and expectation when interacting with technology as they do with other people
43
civic engagement
entails participating in community development
44
benefits of civic engagement
social change, social reinforcement, justice, personal growth, intellectual growth
45
attitudes
learned predispositions to evaluate something in a positive or negative way that guide thinking and behavior
46
beliefs
what people hold to be true or false
47
given belief
the majority of people in the audience will hold the same perspective of either true or false
48
values
deeply held and enduring judgements of significance or importance that often provide the basis for both beliefs and attitudes
49
speeches to convince
delivered in an attempt to impact audience thinkign
50
claim of policy
maintains that a course of action should or should not be taken
51
claim of value
maintains that something is good or bas, beneficial or detrimental, or another evaluative criterion
52
claim of fact
maintains that something is true of false
53
claim of conjecture
through similar to a claim of fact in that something is determined to be true or false
54
speeches to actuate
deliverined in attemot to impact audience behavior
55
different impacting audience behavior
reinforcing an existing behavior, altering an existing behavior, ceasing an existing behavior, avoiding a future behavior.
56
inductive reasoning
involves deriving a general conclusion based on specific evidence, example, or instances
57
deductive reasoning
involves using general conclusion, premises, or principles to reach a conclusion about a specific example or instance
58
syllogism
a form of argumentation consisting of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion
59
major premise
statement or conclusion of a general nature
60
minor premise
entail a more specific statement abotu a particular instance or example
61
enthymeme
a syllogism that excludes one or two of the three components of a syllogism
62
social judgement theory
how people may respond to a range of positions surrounding a particular topic or issue
63
latitude of acceptance
the range of position that the audience deems acceptable
64
anchor position
represents the preferred or most acceptable position
65
latitude of rejection
includes those positions that the audience deems unacceptable
66
latitude of noncommitment
includes positions that the audience neither wholly accepts nor wholly rejects`
67
assimilation effect
maintains that if someone advocates a position within your latitude of acceptance, you will view it as close to your anchor position than it really is
68
contrast effect
which maintains that if someone advocates a position within your latitude of rejectionm you will view it as farther form you anchor position than it really is
69
foot-in-the-door technique
involves making a small request and following up with a second
70
self-perception theory
explain why footinthedoor works
after contributing to a cause, a person begins seeing him or herself as the type of person who supports a particular organization
71
cognitive dissonance theory
people prefer their actions to be consistent with their attitudes, beliefs, and values because inconsistency elicits negative feelings
helps support why the footinthedoor theory works
72
door-in-the-face technique
involves making a request so large that it will be turned down adn then followed up with a more reasonable request
73
perceptual contrast effect
maintains that people generally comply with the second request because compared to the inital request it appears much smaller
74
reciprocal concessions
maintains that people generallly comply with the second request because they feel since the person making the request is willing to concede somethig
75
self-presentation
maintians that people are concerned that other people
76
pre-giving technique
maintains that when a person is given something or offered favors by someone else, that person is more likely to comply with a subsequent request
77
extended parallel process model
which explains the process of fear appeals
78
compliance gaining
involves interpersonal attempts at influence, especially attempts to influence someone behavior
79
identity goals
secondary goals of compliance gaining recognizing that people desire to act in accordance with the personal dn relational identities they attempt to transact and/or the personal and relaitonal identitieis most appropriate in a given situaiton
80
interaction goals
compliance gaining recognizing the desire to act appropriately when attempting to gain compliance
81
resource goals
compliance gainign recognize the desire to maintain relational resources
82
arousal goals
compliance gaining recognize the desire to keep arousal at an acceptable level
83
rewarding activities
seek compliance through positivity
84
punishing activities
seek compliance through negativity
85
expertise activities
seek compliance through perceptions of credibility or wisdom
86
activation of impersonal commitments
seek compliance through the manipulation of internal feelings of obligation and appropriate behavior
87
activation of personal commitments
seeks compliance through appealing to obligations of others
88
dominance
contextual influence of compliance gaining based on power dimensions within a relationship
89
intimacy
contextual influence of compliance gaining based on the relational connection among interactants
90
resistance
contextual influence of compliance gaining based on anticipated opposition
91
relational consequences
contextual influence of compliance gaining based on the perceived effects a complaince gaining strategy might have on a relationship
92
personal benefit
contextual influence of compliance gaining based on potential personal gain
93
rights
contextual influence of compliance gaining based on the degress to which the desired outcome seems justified
94
apprehension
contextual influence of compliance gaining based on anxiety resulting from the circumstances
95
What are the scheins 3 levels of culture?
level 1- artifcats and behaviors
level 2- values
level 3- core beliefs and assumptions
96
What makes up organizational culture?
metaphors and stories
| ceremonies and rites
97
What is an open/closed system?
the degree to which an organizaiton interacts with its environment
98
What is holon and interdependence
holon- soethign that is part is simultaneously the whole
| interdependence- everything is interconnected
99
what is homeostasis?
balance within a system
100
what is nonsummartivity
whole is greater than the sum of all its parts
101
what is equifinality?
many ways to get to the same end
102
what is hierarchy?
some needs takeprecedence over other needs
103
negative entropy
all things move towards chaos but when organizations try to slow this by maintaining a balance
104
What is socialization and why is it iomportant?
socializaiton is learning to fit in and without recognizing the different components to an organization, such as metaphors stories ceremonies and rites then you wont be able to fit in
105
what is a workplace bully?
has 4 features- intense, repeated, enduring, characterized by power
106
what is the structural view of culture?
cultutre determined by geography
107
what is transactional view of culture?
culture that is created, maintained, reinforced in everyday interaction
108
what are the characteristics of a culture?
culture is learned, shared, multi-faceted, dynamic, and cultural identities may overlap
109
what is predjudices?
negative social attitude held by members of one group towards members of another
110
what is discounting?
dismiss info that doesnt fit / is a cognitive bias
111
what is fundamental attribution bias?
interpreting negative behavior as internal rather than external/ is a cognitive bias
112
what is exaggeration?
make negative more extreme/ is a cognitive bias
113
what is polarization
look for difference, ignore similarity/ is a cognitive bias
114
wgar is negative interpretation?
interpret everything as negative/ is a cognitive bias
115
what are the 3 barries to intercultural communication?
assumed similarity, anxiety and withdrawal, ehtocentrism
116
Analyzing audiences relationships with
the speaker
| the issue
117
attitudes are
learned predispostions
118
beliefs are
what people hold to be true or false
119
values are
deeply held judgements of significance, often basis for attitudes, beliefs
120
speeches to convince
impact audiene thinking
121
speeches to actuate
impact audience behavior
122
what is toulmins model of argument?
```
claim- what we want the audience to accept
qualifier- conditions
data- what evidence
warrant- how does it prove our point
backing- what evidence for warrant
rebuttal- potential counterarguments
```
123
3 types of artistic proofs
authoratative- ethos
motivational- pathos
substantive- logos
