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Pharmacology > Exam #3 > Flashcards

Exam #3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Virus

A

Particle of DNA/RNA surrounded by a protein coating; survives by invading a cell to alter its functioning

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2
Q

Interferon

A

Tissue hormone that is released in response to viral invasion, blocks viral replication

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3
Q

Fungus

A

A cellular organism with a hard cell wall that contains Chitin & Polysaccharides, as well as a cell membrane with Ergosterol

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4
Q

Mycosis

A

Disease caused by a fungus

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5
Q

Protozoa

A

Single-celled organism; found in areas of poor sanitation, hygiene, & crowded living conditions

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6
Q

Ascaris

A

Most prevalent helminthic infection; fertilized round-worm eggs that hatch; can move to lungs & cause cough, fever, and signs of Pulmonary Infiltrate

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7
Q

Helminth

A

Worms that can cause disease by invading the human body

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8
Q

What makes a virus so difficult to treat with drugs?

A

Any drug that kills a virus may also kill our cells; because viruses live inside our cells

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9
Q

List viruses that do respond to antiviral medications

A 
Influenza A&B
RSV
Herpes Virus
Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
HIV/AIDS
Hepatitis B&C
viruses causing warts/certain eye infections
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10
Q

Antiviral agents are usually metabolized in the ____ and excreted through the _____.

A

Metabolized in the liver & excreted in the urine

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11
Q

_______ is the drug of choice for children with Herpes virus or Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections.

A

Acyclovir (Zovirax)

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12
Q

Common side-effects of the anti-viral agents

A

N/V, HA, Insomnia, rash, pain/inflammation @ IV site, tremors, vertigo
CNS: lightheadedness, dizziness, orthostatic hypotension

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13
Q

Amphotericin B is contraindicated in what serious conditions?

A

Kidney Disease

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14
Q

Why is a baseline CNS assessment important

A

It is necessary to know what changes are taking place; DNA active antivirals alter CNS responses

Normals vs. Abnormals

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15
Q

How is Hepatitis B spread?

A

Drug abuse
Sexual Intercourse
Exposure to blood/bodily fluids

NURSES are at INCREASED ris for exposure due to NEEDLESTICKS

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16
Q

3 contraindications to receiving Anti-Hepatitis B agents

A

Allergy
Renal Impairment
Liver Disease
Pregnancy

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17
Q

T or F: Antivirals are safe during pregnancy and lactation?

A

FALSE; only used in extreme cases when the benefit outweighs the risks

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18
Q

Why should Hepatitis agents NOT be stopped suddenly?

A

Can cause REBOUND HEPATITIS EXACERBATION

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19
Q

What is the difference between a FUNGI and BACTERIAL cell wall

A

Fungi have a rigid cell wall containing Chitin and Polysaccharides & cell membrane contains Ergosterols. C
Fungi = NOT affected by Antibiotics
Bacterial = NOT affected by Antifungals

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20
Q

Which antifungal agents is contraindicated in endocrine & fertility problems?

A

Ketoconazole (Nizoral); interrupts and effects processes

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21
Q

Treatment for many fungal infections may go on how long?

A

2 weeks - 6+ months

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22
Q

Why would you not apply antifungal crème or ointment to an open wound or sore?

A

It BURNS!!

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23
Q

List 2 environmental conditions that are conducive to the survival & spread of protozoal infections

A

Over crowded living conditions

Dark/wet/moist areas

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24
Q

Describe the symptoms of acute malarial attacks & explain what part RBC’s play

A

Malaria causes the destruction of RBCs & killing them
S/Sx: HIGH fever, Sweating, chills (flu-like symptoms)
LASTS about 72 hours

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25
What is the current drug of choice in antimalarial therapy?
Chloroquine (Aralen)
26
List the SERIOUS adverse effects associated with Antimalarial drugs
``` Retinal Damage (Blindness) Psoriasis Hepatic Dysfunction (liver involvement) ```
27
Which protozoan is considered an STD
Trichamoniasis
28
List the important drug-drug interactions encountered with the use of antiprotozoal agents
Alcohol (Antibuse-like reaction) Anticoagulants (increased bleeding) Disulfiram Quinine derivatives- increased risk for Cardiac Toxicity Antifolate drugs with pryimethamine- increase bone marrow supression
29
Which diagnostic test is required for confirmation of a helminthic infection?
Stool Sample
30
Which nematode can cause more damage to humans the most of the other helminthes? Why?
Threadworms- may invade body tissues including Lungs, Liver, & Heart. (lay eggs & hatch) In severe cases: causes death related to Pneumonia/ other lung & liver infestations
31
Which is the most prevalent helminthic infection, worldwide? Where do they come from?
ASCARIS (roundworms)- poor sanitation, comes from food or soil where eggs are hatched. Contaminated drinking water
32
Which helminthic infection is caused by eating undercooked pork?
Trichinosis
33
T or F: Antihelminthic drugs are interchangeable when treating worm infestations
FALSE
34
Which antihelminthic medication is given as a single does? How does this help compliance?
Pyrantel (Pin-Rid)- single dose; doesn't require remembering to take it 1 & Done!! NOT safe for Peds under age of 2
35
Antivirals across the life span, for children?
Acyclovir- safe for children | Increased risk for sensitivity
36
Antivirals across the life span, for Adults?
EDUCATION; Drugs are specific to what they treat | NOT for pregnancy unless Benefit outweighs Risk
37
Antivirals across the life span, for Elderly?
Kidneys/Liver function decreased (meds harsh on) Hydration/Nutrition Monitor closely!
38
Anti-protozoal Drug: metronidazole | "Metro'z-Flag"
FLAGYL (metronidazole) Used for: GU/GI infections: Tricamoniasis, C-Diff, H. Pylori Inhibits DNA synthesis- anaerobic- cell death Metabolized in the LIVER & excreted in urine/feces Adverse: Metallic taste, DARK URINE, N/V/D, dizziness
39
Anti-Fungal Drug: AZOLE | "We-Zoles eat Fung-als"
Clotrimazole (Lotrimine); Ketoconazole- Alters permeability of cell membrane to inhibit growth KETOCONAZOLE- effects endocrine system (given IV)
40
Anti-Viral Drug: Respiratory: Rimatadine "Open the door and in-FLU-enza" "DINE-n-Ditch"
FlumaDINE- prototype TamiFLU (oseltamivir): H1N1 & avian flu (bird flu) AmantaDINE (Symmetrel): Flu & Parkinson's Admin ORALLY, excreted in urine Prevent shedding of viral protein coat CNS effects Adverse to: Anticholinergic- Dry up secretions BEST if taken within 2 days of onset
41
Respiratory S/Sx:
INFLAMMED MUCOSA (nasal/resp. track) Cough Fever
42
Locally Active Anti-virals: Creams & Ointments
Abrieva (Docosanol); Vitrasert (Ganciclovir) Local burning/stinging interferes with replication/metabolism UNKNOWN interactions
43
T or F: Tx of a viral infection is difficult without serious toxic effects to the host
TRUE; | viruses enter cells, anti-virals kill our cells
44
Herpes Virus: S/Sx
Painful Vesicles Usually 2 weeks Reoccuring
45
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) S/Sx:
May be Asymptomatic Fatigue Nausea JAUNDICE- monitor RENAL function
46
Anti-viral drug: Acyclovir | "A kid riding a bike VIR-I fast"
``` Acyclovir (Zovirax)- prototype HERPES/CMV Inhibits DNA replication Oral/IV/topical CNS effects Hard on kidneys- NO aminoglycosides EDUCATE Shingles vaccine if had chickenpox ```
47
Important teaching point for Herpes/CMV drugs
Drink Plenty of water to decrease effects on the kidneys
48
Teaching point for Herpes Simplex meds
Start taking ASAP to increase effectiveness
49
Anti-Hep B drug: Adefovir | "Add for Sara"
Hepsara Do NOT stop suddenly- Rebound exacerbation Inhibits virus, blocking replication Excreted in Urine Severe-fatal HEPATOMEGALY, nephrotoxicity Palpatable liver/Ascites NO alcohol
50
Patients susceptible to fungal infections
``` AIDS/ARC Immunosuppressant drugs Immuncompromised Elderly Chronic steroid use ```
51
Amphotericin B
Most effective-Most toxic, not often used Adverse: Kidney damage IV excreted in urine
52
Nystatin
Mycostatin; Nilstat ORAL Tx: Yeast infections
53
Terbinafine
(Lamisil) Ring worm/ Athlete's feet Takes 6+ months to treat
54
Fluconazole (Azole) | "Flu powder to Di-can alley"
``` (Diflucan) IV/ORAL Tx: fungal infections; yeast Does NOT interact with endocrine problems Prophylaxis ```
55
Topical Anti-fungals: Lotrimine
(Clotrimazole) Topical for ring worm & yeast infections | S/Sx: GI upset, Skin irritation, Headache
56
Caring for patient on anti-fungal med- adverse reactions
Burning or irritation in the sexual partner
57
Schistosomiasis
Infectiong by flukes (snails)
58
Antihelmintic Adverse reaction
``` Abdominal discomfort Diarrhea Pain Headache Dizziness Fever Chills ```
59
Antihelminic Drug Interactions
Theophylline- Bronchodilators- increased to toxic level | Seizures
60
Antihelmintic Drug: Mebendazole | "Me been a Vermon"
``` (Vermox)- most common SAFE for PEDS ORAL- stays in GI tract Chewable tabs Few adverse effects 1 dose daily for 3 days ```
61
Worms are easiest to treat in the ________.
Intestine
62
Antihelminic: Measures to control infection
``` KEEP HANDS CLEAN FREQUENT HANDWASHING SHOWER IN THE MORNING Disinfect Launder daily ```
63
Antihelminic drug SAFE for children
Labindosol
64
Antimalarial Drug: Chloroquine (prototype) | "Are lens ine? Chloro questioned
``` Aralen- most frequently given Inhibits reproduction & synthesis Retinal damage- FREQUENT EYE EXAMS Hydration Prophylaxis if needed Drug interaction- Antibuse reaction, anticoagulant (bleed out), disulfiram ```
65
When are antiprotozoal medications contraindicated
CNS disease

Pharmacology (6 decks)

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