Exam 3

Question 1

How is the promyelocyte differentiated from the myeloblast?

Answer 1

Promyelocyte has azurophilic (primary) granules

Question 2

At what stage does differentiation of the granules of the cells of the myelocytic series take place?

Answer 2

myelocyte

Question 3

How is the metamyelocyte differentiated from the myelocyte?

Answer 3

Shape of nucleus:
Meta => kidney bean shaped
Myelo => round

Question 4

How is the band differentiated from the metamyelocyte?

Answer 4

Shape of nucleus:

Band => horse shoe shaped (uniform thickness)

Question 5

What cell contains granules that retain the acid portion of Wright’s stain?

Answer 5

eosinophil (acid stain = eosin)

Question 6

What substances are produced by eosinophils?

Answer 6

anti-histamine

basophils produce histamine

Question 7

What cell contains granules that are not uniform in shape, stain with the basic portion of Wright’s stain, and may cover the nucleus?

Answer 7

basophils

Question 8

What are mast cells?

Answer 8

tissue basophils

Question 9

Where do B cells originate?

Answer 9

bone marrow

Question 10

Where do T cells originate?

Answer 10

thymus

Question 11

How can B cells and T cells be differentiated?

Answer 11

through surface markers (surface immunoglobulins)

Question 12

What type of lymphocyte (B cell or T cell) are most of the circulating lymphocytes and what is their appearance?

Answer 12

T-cell. Small, mature lymphs; clumping nucleus, not much cytoplasm

Question 13

During blastic transformation, B cells become what?

Answer 13

plasma cells

Question 14

What cell has an eccentric nucleus with clumped chromatin, basophilic cytoplasm, and a clear perinuclear halo (hof)?

Answer 14

plasma cell

Question 15

Where are plasma cells normally found?

Answer 15

bone marrow

Question 16

What cellular organelle is associated with the hof?

Answer 16

Golgi apparatus

Question 17

Monocytes circulate in the peripheral blood but are known as __________ or __________ in the tissues.

Answer 17

macrophages or histiocytes

Question 18

Where do monocytes originate?

Answer 18

bone marrow

Question 19

What is the function of the monocyte?

Answer 19

phagocytosis

Question 20

Name several characteristics that can be observed in neutrophils during inflammation, infection, or other toxic states and describe their appearance.

Answer 20

Dohle bodies: RNA
toxic granules: blue/black granules in cytoplasm
toxic vacuoles: holes in cytoplasm

Question 21

What are Russell bodies?

Answer 21

aggregates of immunoglobulin that stain red

Question 22

Describe Alder-Reilly.

Answer 22

abnormal azurophilic granulation

Question 23

Describe May-Hegglin.

Answer 23

Weird platelets, Dohle-like inclusions, blue staining

Question 24

Describe Pelger-Huet.

Answer 24

dumbbell shaped hyposegmentation of neutrophils

Question 25

What is the normal WBC count?

Answer 25

5-10 thousand

Question 26

If blood is drawn to the 0.5 mark and diluent to the 11 in a WBC pipette, what is the resulting dilution?

Answer 26

standard WBC count, 1:20 dilution

Question 27

Given the number of cells counted on both sides of the hemocytometer, how could you determine the WBC count on the performance of a standard WBC count?

Answer 27

average of both counts x 50 | Ex: 120100/2 is the same as 11050

Question 28

What effect does hemolysis have on a WBC count?

Answer 28

none

Question 29

Name several sources of error in the performance of a manual WBC count.

Answer 29

``` too much blood/diluent overfill/underfill hemocytometer cracks edema dirty hemocytometer ```

Question 30

How does the normal WBC count vary during the day?

Answer 30

WBC's hang on wall at night and fall off with activity during the day. higher during day lower at night

Question 31

What explanation is given for the variation of WBC counts?

Answer 31

margination

Question 32

What is the normal eosinophil count?

Answer 32

77-440

Question 33

What can cause an increased or decreased eosinophil count?

Answer 33

Increased: hypoadrenalism; allergies;parasitic infections; skin disorders; blood diseases Decreased: anemia; hyperadrenalism (Cushings disease);IM; Pern. anemia; aplastic anemia

Question 34

To compensate for the normally low number of eosinophils, what adjustment in the procedure is made when doing a manual eo count?

Answer 34

``` increase # fields increase volume (entire hemocytometer) ```

Question 35

Name two other hemocytometers that can be used for eosinophils and basophil counts.

Answer 35

Speirs-Levy | Fuchs-Rosenthal

Question 36

Name several factors that can results in an excessively pink Wright's stained smear.

Answer 36

too acidic- overwashed or understained

Question 37

Name several factors that can result in an excessively blue Wright's stain smear.

Answer 37

too alkaline- underwashed or overstained

Question 38

What three things are always performed when doing a differential count? Why?

Answer 38

RBC morphology count and classify 100 cells platelet count estimation Used for: Dx disease, monitor therapy, or to get picture of overall health.

Question 39

What is the most common type of WBC in a normal smear?

Answer 39

segmented neutrophils

Question 40

`What is the least common type of WBC in a normal smear?

Answer 40

basophils

Question 41

What is the most common type of WBC in a child's smear?

Answer 41

lymphocytes

Question 42

What is a "shift to the left" and in what conditions is it likely to occur?

Answer 42

increase in young cells (increase in bands) | occurs in CML (infection); leukemias; bacterial infections

Question 43

What is the largest WBC in a normal peripheral blood smear?

Answer 43

Monocyte

Question 44

Which cells are classified as NRBCs on a PBS?

Answer 44

blast cells, prorubricytes, rubricytes, metarubricytes

Question 45

If large numbers of NRBCs are observed on a PBS, what effect will this have on the WBC count?

Answer 45

they are counted as WBCs, this will increase the WBC count | may falsely increase the white count

Question 46

How can you correct your count for NRBCs?

Answer 46

(WBC x 100)/(100+NRBCs)

Question 47

Where are platelets produced?

Answer 47

Bone marrow

Question 48

What is the largest blood cell normally produced by the body?

Answer 48

Megakaryocyte

Question 49

What is endomitotic division?

Answer 49

*POSSIBLE BONUS QUESTION* | Nucleus divides, cytoplasm just enlarges. Multinucleated cell.

Question 50

What is the normal platelet count?

Answer 50

Varies greatly. For this test: | 150,000-450,000/mm3

Question 51

What method employs the phase contrast microscope in counting platelets?

Answer 51

Brecker Cronkite

Question 52

How is a manual platelet count calculated using the Unopette method?

Answer 52

Entire center square = 0.1 mm^3 1: 100 dilution 0. 1/100 = 1000 So: # cells * 1000

Question 53

What criteria are used to estimate platelets in a PBS?

Answer 53

PLT estimates are routinely performed using a 100X oil objective in an area of the smear where the red blood cells (RBCs) barely touch. A rough estimate can be determined by the number of platelets per 100X oil-immersion field (OIF). References state that anywhere from 7 to 22 platelets per OIF correlates with a normal platelet count.

Question 54

Reddish-purple in blast inclusion

Answer 54

Auer rod

Question 55

Pale blue remnants of RNA

Answer 55

Dohle bodies

Question 56

Decreased segmentation of neutrophils

Answer 56

Pelger-Huet

Question 57

Dark blueish black cytoplasm granules

Answer 57

Toxic granulation

Question 58

Azurophilic granulation of all white cells

Answer 58

Alder-Reilly