Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Hemotology/Hemostasis > Practicum > Flashcards

Practicum Flashcards

(88 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Normal values for WBC

A

5000-10000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Normal values for RBC

A

male: 4.7 - 6.1 million/cm3
female: 4.2 - 5.4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Normal values for Hgb

A

male 14-18 g/dL

female 12-16 g/dL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Normal values for Hct

A

males 42-52%

females 37-47%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Normal values for Platelets

A

150,000-400,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Normal values for Retics

A

0.5% - 2% (avg 1%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Normal values for ESR

A

male: 0 - 15 mm/hr
female: 0 - 20

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What quick quality control calculation can be used to check the accuracy of the RBC parameters as they are obtained from an automated counter?

A

RBC x 3 = Hgb

Hgb x 3 = Hct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Factors which can increase ESR.

A 
anemia
pregnancy
infections
alcoholism, cirrhosis, hepatitis
MM
Tilted tube
Specimen too warm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Factors which can decrease ESR

A

polycethemia
sickle cell anemia (abnormally shaped RBCs in general)
spherocytosis
delay in performing test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the chief use of the osmotic fragility test?

A

Diagnosis of spherocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What test is best to use to differentiate between homozygous and heterozygous sickle cell disease?

A

Hemoglobin electrosphoresis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How are reticulocytes stained? Which dye is best?

A

New methylene blue or cresyl blue are used as reagents to separate RNA in cells. Wright’s (supravital stain) is used to make RNA visible.
Retics seen as Polychromatophilic (“blue-green”)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the use of the reticulocyte test to the physician?

A

Helps in diagnosis and monitoring of anemia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

In what conditions would one expect to see an increased reticulocyte count?

A

Hemorrhage, including hidden bleeding or hemolysis
Splenectomy
Various anemias, especially hemolytic anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

In what conditions would one expect to see an decreased reticulocyte count?

A

Bone marrow suppression (toxins, chemotherapy, radiation, etc.)
Aplastic anemia
Ineffective erythropoiesis (IDA, PA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the proper procedure for a hematocrit?

A

Blood is collected in heparinized (red) capillary tubes. Seal one end. Spin in microhematocrit centrifuge to obtain optimal packed cells. Use Macromethod of Wintrobe or Micromethod (which needs non-heparinzed blue top tube if a venous draw) for Hct determination.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What happens to the value if microhematocrits are spun too long? Not spun long enough?

A

Too long:Hemolysis (falsely decreased Hct) Not long enough: cells will not pack

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

From the indices, be able to describe red cell morphology or give the morphological classification of the anemia.

A

MCV: indicates RBC size: 100=macrocytic
MCHC: indicates degree of hypochromia:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

With what condition are burr cells associated?

A

Renal failure

Kidney disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

In what condition is punctate basophilia (basophilic stippling) frequently seen?

A

Lead poisoning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

With what condition are Heinz bodies most closely associated?

A

G6PD deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How are basophilic stippling and reticulum differentiated in the lab?

A

Baso stippling: stained with Romanowski (Wrights) and New Methylene Blue
Reticulum: use New Methylene Blue only

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the best specimen to use for blood smears for RBC morphology?

A

Whole blood from EDTA tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
How can you adjust the color of Wrights stained smear?
Adjust the pH
26
What is the most prominent feature in a blood smear from a patient with ABO HDN?
Spherocytes
27
How to calculate MCV
MCV = Hct divided by # of RBCs times 10
28
Normal values for MCV?
Male: 80 - 94 fL (femtoliters) Female: 81 - 99
29
How to calculate MCH
MCH = Hgb divided by # of RBCs times 10
30
Normal values for MCH?
Male & Female: 27 - 31 pg (picograms)
31
How to calculate MCHC
MCHC = Hgb divided by Hct times 100
32
Normal values for MCHC?
32% - 36% (or g/dL)
33
From the indices, be able to suggest a diagnosis of anemia.
MCV increased, MCHC normal(Macrocytic/Normochromic) = liver disease, B12 deficiency, folate deficiency, PA, alcoholism MCV, MCHC decreased (Microcytic/Hypochromic) = IDA, Sideroblastic, Thalassemia, Lead Poisoning MCV, MCHC normal (Normocytic/Normochromic) = Aplastic anemia, and any other anemia not listed above
34
What is the appearance of the blood smear in iron deficiency anemia?
Microcytic, Hypochromic | also, serum iron decreased, TIBC increased
35
What is the appearance of the blood smear in folic acid deficiency?
Macrocytic, Hypochromic | PA, but no neurological symptoms
36
What are the causes of aplastic anemia? What are the blood findings?
Bone marrow suppression, failure or replacement, usually from chemical or radiation exposure. Pancytopenia (WBC, RBC, Plt, Retic have low counts) Normocytic/Normochromic No signs of increased RBC formation, decreased bone marrow.
37
What is a common characteristic of all hemolytic anemias?
Increased RBC destruction
38
What is an unusal finding that is a means of differentiating AIHA from other hemolytic anemias?
Positive DAT (Direct Coombs Test)
39
What is pancytopenia?
Decreased RBC, WBC and platelets
40
What information is included in a WBC differential?
1. Count & classification of leukocytes 2. Platelet count 3. RBC morphology
41
What is the most common WBC in a differential?
Segmented Neutrophils
42
What is the most common WBC in children under one year of age?
Lymphocytes
43
What is the least common WBC in a normal smear?
Basophils
44
What is the largest WBC in a normal smear?
Monocyte
45
Which immature RBCs are classified as NRBCs in a differential?
Blast cells Prorubricytes Rubricytes Metarubricytes
46
What is the appearance of a plasma cell?
Eccentric nucleus with clumped chromatin, basophilic cytoplasm with a clear perinuclear halo (hof). 
47
Is a plasma cell likely to be found in the peripheral blood?
No. | normally ~1% of nucleated cells in bone marrow
48
What is the meaning of the term "shift to the left"?
Increased immature granulocytes (blast, pro, myel, meta, band)
49
What is the meaning of the term "shift to the right"?
Increased mature cells (segs & hypersegs)
50
How is a diagnosis of Hereditary Elliptocytosis made?
At least 25% of RBCs are elliptical/oval shape in peripheral blood smear, osmotic fragility testing, an autohaemolysis test, and direct protein assaying by gel electrophoresis. [fun fact: it's normal in camels]
51
What are the distinguishing characteristics of Hodgkin's disease?
1. Slow relentless progression 2. Leukemoid rxn w/ eosinophils 3. Reed-Sternberg cells
52
What are the normal features of a smear from a newborn that might be considered abnormal in an adult?
NRBCs Polychromasia young WBCs, etc.
53
How would you describe a Downey type atypical lymphocyte as is appears on a Wright's stained smear?
Eccentric nucleus w/ dense chromatin, may have open spaces. Abundant smooth cytoplasm that's pale near nucleus, various shades of blue toward periphery & scallops around surrounding RBCs with blue tint where it touches RBCs. May have azurphilic granules & vacuoles. Easily confused w/ monocytes.
54
At what stage of development does differentiation of the granules of a granulocyte take place?
Myelocyte
55
How is the metamyelocyte differentiated from the myelocyte?
Myelo: nucleus round to oval, may have one flat side Meta: nucleus kidney bean shaped
56
Procedure for performing a total eosinophil count.
Must be done so as to count a larger volume, either by using a special counting chamber or by counting both sides of a Neubauer hemocytometer. Whole blood is diluted w/ staining sol'n. Use maximum light on microscope, count entire ruled area on both sides on low power. Calculation: Total # cells times 10 (dilution) divided by 1.8 mm3.
57
With what conditions are an increased eosinophil count associated?
``` allergic disease skin disorders parasitic infections blood diseases splenectomy ```
58
Normal values for CSF cell counts
adults: 0 - 5 mononuclear cells/uL, zero RBCs neonates: 0-30 mononuclears, zero RBCs
59
What test is the best measure of the erythroid activity of the bone marrow?
Reticulocyte count
60
What conditions can not be absolutely diagnosed without a bone marrow aspirate?
``` Myeloproliferative disorders Aplastic anemia Lymphoma Tumors Leukemia Pernicious anemia (has megaloblasts in marrow) ```
61
What is the chief use of the LAP?
Differentiate leukemoid reaction (increased) from CML (decreased)
62
Why is it necessary to correct a WBC count if more than 5 NRBCs are present on a peripheral blood smear and how is the correction made (be able to do calculation)?
False increase of WBC count. | Calculate: # WBCs times 100 divided by 100 plus the # of NRBCs per 100 WBCs
63
Incidence of leukemia in various age groups.
ALL - most common in children CML - middle age CLL - older pt.s
64
What is the typical picture in the peripheral blood in acute leukemia?
Severe normocytic-normochromic anemia Decreased RBCs Thrombocytopenia Increased immature cells
65
At the time of diagnosis, which leukemia frequently presents with a greatly increased platelet count?
CML (Chronic Myelocytic Leukemia)This is a case study
66
AML | (the typical blood picture)
Large # myeloblasts (60-90% of cells) Scattered segs but no intermediate cells (differentiates AML from CML or leukamoid rxn) Severe N/N anemia Polychromasia NRBCs Thrombocytopenia w/ large or bizarre looking plt.s
67
ALL | (the typical blood picture)
>60% lymphoblasts Severe N/N anemia, usually no NRBCs Thrombocytopenia (this is a case study)
68
CML | the typical blood picture
``` Increased leukocytosis Increased all stages of granulocytes, Increased eos, Increased basos, Increased platelets at first, later decreases N/N anemia, incl. NRBCs Case study) ```
69
CLL | the typical blood picture
60-95% small, mature lymphs Increased Smudge cells & Eos All stages granulocytes
70
Hodgkin's | the typical blood picture
``` Not terribly abnormal or specific Mild anemia Thrombocytopenia Leukocytosis usually granulocytes, esp. Eos (leukemoid rxn w/ eosinophilia) Decreased lymphs ```
71
Following splenectomy | the typical blood picture
``` Pappenheimer bodies HJB Cabot rings Target Cells Aniso & Poik (tear drop, bite cell, frags) Increased platelets ```
72
Megaloblastic anemia | the typical blood picture
Normochromic RBCs, Aniso & Poik Macro Ovalocytes Pancytopenia Hyper segs w/ shift to right
73
Polycythemia vera | the typical blood picture
``` N/N RBCs but may become Micro/Hypo Increased RBCs Occasional NRBCs Immature grans (myelos & metas) Basophilic stippling Increase Eos & Basos Large, bizarre platelets with possible clumping ```
74
Myelofibrosis | the typical blood picture
Moderate N/N anemia Polychromasia NRBCs Aniso & Poik (tear drop, ovalo, sphero) WBC normal to increased w/ shift to left Plts increased at first, later decrease with giant, bizarre forms
75
DIC | the typical blood picture
``` Thrombocytopenia Micro-platelets Leukocytosis Schistocytes Decreased Retics ```
76
AIHA
``` N/N anemia Macrocytic Polychromasia Spherocytes NRBCs Schistocytes, Ancanthocytes, Burr Cells Erythrophagocytosis by monocytes WBC increased with shift to left (case study) ```
77
Thalassemia major
Severe Microcytic/Hypochromic anemia Aniso & Poik (target, burr, schisto, sphero, acantho) Polychromasia Many NRBCs RBC inclusions (HJB, baso stippling, etc.) Increased WBC with shift to left (case study)
78
Thalassemia minor
``` Mild microcytic/hypochromic anemia Polychromasia Target cells Occassional NRBCs Baso stippling WBC usually normal ```
79
Multiple myeloma
``` N/N anemia Rouleaux WBC normal to decreased Occasional plasma cells & NRBCs Increase lymphs, Eos, & young granulocytes ```
80
Infectious Mononucleosis
Slight luekocytosis Atypical Lymphs (Downey cells) instead of monos Rare to few immature lymphs Plt & RBCs normal
81
How do you do an indirect platelet count (platelet estimate) and how do you report out platelets in reference to your estimate?
(at CGH) Count platelets in 5 fields on high power at the feathered edge of smear, multiply by 4. Report as adequate, increased, or decreased
82
How are PNH and PCH diagnosed in the lab and how do these conditions differ?
PCH: extrinsic, D-L antibody, extracorpuscular defect. Diagnose by Donath-Landsteiner Test. PNH: intrinsic, acquired, sensitive to complement. Diagnosed by Hams's Test or Sugar Water Test.
83
Which layer of the blood is used for making an L.E. prep?
Buffy coat
84
Which group of disorders is classified by using the FAB system of classification?
Acute Leukemias
85
What is the use of the Kleihauer-Betke technique or the Fetaldexx stain?
Measures the amount of fetal Hgb transferred from the fetal bloodstream to the mother's bloodstream; used for D neg mothers.
86
Which age group has the highest values for the RBC parameters?
newborns
87
What is the Coulter principle for cell counting?
Interruption of a light source as it passes through a flow cell (flow cytometry)
88
How would you obtain a blood specimen from a patient who has IV solutions running into both arms?
Choose a vein distal from (below) the IV site (such as the hand) or ask nurse to turn off one IV 15 minutes before draw.

Hemotology/Hemostasis (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions