Exam 3 Flashcards
(29 cards)
Define cocktail party effect (attention)
Even when focusing intently on one conversation and ignoring another conversation, the mention of your name in the ignored conversation will capture your attention
Describe the principles of sensory system organization
Hierarchical organization- input flows in order of increasing complexity (from receptors to association cortex)
Functional segregation- each of the levels of cerebral cortex (primary, secondary, association) is organized so that different structures specialize in different kind of analyses
Parallel processing- info flows between different levels/structures along multiple pathways
Define change blindness (attention)
Difficulty noticing or memorizing changes in parts of a scene that are not focus of our attention
List the stages of processing from receptors to association cortex for somatosensory info
1) cutaneous receptors
2) dorsal root of spinal cord
3) thalamus
4) primary somatosensory cortex
(S1): postcentral gyrus
5) secondary somatosensory cortex (SII)
6) posterior parietal cortex
Define stereognosis
Identification of objects by touch
What about the placement of dermatome a is protective?
There is overlap between adjacent dermatomes such that destruction of a single dorsal root in the spinal cord does not produce as much damage as would be the case without overlap
Primary somatosensory cortex (SI) is located in which love of the brain?
Parietal
Describe the differences between endogenous and exogenous attention
Exogenous attention- when attention is directed by external stimulus
Endogenous attention- when attention is directed due to internal cognitive processes
Describe the primary differences between info flow between regions of the CNS in motor and somatosensory systems
In the somatosensory system, info flows up the hierarchy (from receptors to association cortex) and info flows down the hierarchy (from association cortex to muscles) in the motor system
Describe the neural loop involving the basal ganglia enabling modulation of motor functions
Cortex-basal ganglia-thalamus-cortex
Describe the brain correlates and symptoms of contralateral neglect
Contralateral neglect occurs as a result of right posterior parietal damage and is characterized by difficulty attending and responding to stimuli in the left side of space
Describe the difference between the following types of cells: totipotent, multipotent, pluripotent
Totipotent- cell has the ability to develop into any class of cell in the body
Multipotent- new cells can develop into different cells of only one class
Pluripotent- cell has the ability to develop into many, but not all, classes of body cells
What are embryonic stem cells?
Have unlimited capacity for self-renewal and are pluripotent (have the ability to develop into many, but not all, classes of body cells
Describe the development of the neural plate, groove, tube, and crest
The neural plate folds to form the neural groove
The neural groove fuses to form the neural tube
Cells that break off of the neural tube and develop into the neural crest, which forms neurons and glial cells of the PNS
Explain the differences between sensitive and critical periods
Critical period- experiences must occur within specific time period in order to influence development, all or nothing: ability/skill either develops or does not, well-defined beginning and end to critical period
Sensitive period- experience has greatest effect on development when it occurs during specific time period, varying degree to which particular skills, ability develops, flexible time period: time of maximal sensitivity
According to research, are critical or sensitive periods more common in neurodevelopment?
Sensitive periods
List the three processes that contribute to brain growth in humans after birth
Synaptogenesis
Myelination
Dendritic branching
Astrocytes are especially important for which phase of brain growth
Synaptogenesis
What is the difference between necrosis and apoptosis?
Necrosis- passive cell death involving inflammation
Apoptosis- active cell death, safer than necrosis because it does not involve inflammation
What is the result of synaptic rearrangement?
Greater selectivity of transmission- output of each neuron is focused on fewer cells
Which cognitive abilities and brain areas are the last to develop?
Abstraction, reasoning, and problem solving controlled by the prefrontal cortex
According to current research, is neuroplasticity greater in children or adults?
Children
Which steroid hormones are released by ovaries?
testosterone
Progesterone
Estradiol
What are tropic hormones?
Hormones released by anterior pituitary that influences the release of hormones from other glands
