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Zoology 315 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three criteria for classifying something as a wetland?

A

Saturated with water

Hydrophytes

Hydric Soils

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2
Q

Hydric Soils

A

One of the criteria of being a wetland

History of being wet and saturated

Anoxic, often OM-rich

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3
Q

What are the two ways a wetland can be classified?

A

By VEGETATION

By HYDROLOGY

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4
Q

What types of VEGETATION are found on different types of wetlands?

A

EMERGENT

FORESTED

SCRUB/SHRUB

SHALLOW WATER/MACROPHYTES

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5
Q

What is EMERGENT vegetation and what types of wetlands is it found on?

A

Dominated by grasses, sedges, and non-woody forbs

Found on Marshes, fens, and Wet Meadows

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6
Q

What is FORESTED vegetation and what types of wetlands is it found on?

A

Trees are present

Found in SWAMPS

(think Swamp People)

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7
Q

What is SCRUB?SHRUB vegetation and what types of wetlands is it found on?

A

Often borders a lake or stream, SCRUFFY-LOOKING

Found in shrub bogs or alder wetlands

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8
Q

What is SHALLOW WATER vegetation and what types of wetlands is it found on?

A

Dominated by macrophyte beds

Found in ponds and wetlands

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9
Q

What three water sources are considered in the HYDROLOGY of a wetland?

A

GROUNDWATER

SURFACE FLOW

PRECIPITATION

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10
Q

What type of wetland receives mostly GROUNDWATER?

A

FEN

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11
Q

What type of wetland receives mostly SURFACE FLOW?

A

SWAMPS

MARSHES

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12
Q

What type of wetland receives mostly PRECIPITATION?

A

BOG

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13
Q

What are the four functions of wetlands?

A

Provide habitat for fish and wildlife

Flood attenuation

Sediment and nutrient retention

Carbon sequestration

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14
Q

How does waterlogging effect soils and the chemistry of wetlands?

A

Prevents O2 presence in soils

Promotes ANaerobic respiration

Increases: denitrification,

sulfate reduction,

prod. of methylmercury,

Iron reduction (decreases bound PO4)

methane production

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15
Q

What are the water quality implicaitons of waterlogged soils?

A

Reduce high nutrient levels

Biogeochemistry hotspots: they have important processes that are rare in other ecosystems

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16
Q

What are the positive/negative effects of water on plants in wetlands?

A

NEGATIVE: Waterlogging restricts O2 access

Oxic stress on most plants, which limits the distribution of many species

POSITIVE: Moist soils are very productive

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17
Q

What causes variations in the channel form of streams?

A

Sediment supply from surrounding hills

Channel slope

River’s Hydrology

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18
Q

What are the four habitats associated with rivers and streams?

A

Water column

Benthic Zone (Upper/well-oxygenated)

Hyporheic Zone (Mixing of stream and ground water)

Floodplains

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19
Q

What is the “Master Variable” for the hydrology of rivers and streams, and how is it calculated?

A

DISCHARGE

Q = v * A

Volume of water passing through a channel cross-section per unit time.

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20
Q

What is a FLOW REGIME?

A

Characteristic discharge pattern of a river over time

Flow magnitude, duration, frequency of floods, etc

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21
Q

How can we use information about the flow regime?

A

Identify determinants of stream community composition

Assess extent of human alteration

HARSH intermittent regimes - physical control

MESIC groundwater regimes - biotic interactions

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22
Q

What affects the temperature variation in rivers and streams?

A

STREAM ORDER

GROUNDWATER INPUTS

SUNLIGHT

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23
Q

What controls the light inputs into streams and rivers?

A

Surrounding environment (trees, canyons/banks)

Water characteristics (depth, suspended/dissolved material)

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24
Q

How do small streams and large rivers differ in their “light regimes”?

A

SMALL STREAMS: Lots or little light, depending on geography and season. Light easily reaches bottom

LARGE RIVERS: Lots of light due to open canopy, but rarely reaches bottom due to depth and turbidity

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25
What is the oxygen profile typically like in rivers and streams?
HIGH O2 throughout, due to large air/water interface and turbulent flow Hyporheic Zone - Low O2 EXCEPTIONS: Low O2 in turbid streams and below sewage outfalls
26
What is the MAJOR force driving the evolution of lotic organisms?
Adapting to flowing water
27
What are some ways that organisms have adapted to life in rivers and streams?
Maintaining position during discharge extremes: Hooks, claws, suction cups, balast, body shape Acquiring food: Filter-feeding
28
What are some characteristic patterns of the biota in SMALL and MEDIUM rivers and streams?
Small-med streams: Shallow, Hi Light, physically variable No Plankton! Benthic orgs rule (MACROINVERTEBRATES), periphyton
29
What are some characteristic patterns in the biota in LARGE rivers?
Large Rivers: Deep, turbid, range of flow velocities Plankton (Phyto & Zoo) Benthic invertebrates restricted to lateral areas Big fish rule!
30
Where is ~ 20% of global runoff stored?
RESERVOIRS
31
What classifies a LARGE dam vs a SMALL dam?
Large: 6 ft tall + 60 acre-ft basin or 8 ft tall + 15 acre-ft basin or pose downstream threat Small: Smaller than above
32
How are reservoirs divided into types and what are the different types?
Based on FLOW MODIFICATION 1. Run of river 2. Flood control 3. Hydropower 4. Water Supply, Recreation
33
What is a "Run of River" reservoir?
Downstream flow regime not substantially altered, flows over top
34
What is a "Flood Control" Reservoir?
Releases water during low flows, stores water during high flows
35
What is a "Hydropower" Reservoir?
Releases water when energy is needed each day
36
What is a "Water Supply/recreation" Reservoir?
Makes water available when/where needed
37
What are the two ways a dam can release water to affect flow patterns?Q
Epilimnetic Release Hypolimnetic Release
38
What is Epilimnetic Release and how does it affect rivers and streams?
Pulls water from the top (warm) part of the river and releases it after the dam Can change the temperature differences between top and bottom, also increase O2 level in post-dam portion
39
What is Hypolimnetic Release and how does it affect rivers and streams?
Pulls colder, denser (sometimes saltier) water from the bottom of the upstream river and releases it downstream Can decrease O2 level downstream and increase temperature differences
40
What is the lotic → lentic transition near dams?
When the river goes from shallow to a deep reservoir as it gets closer to the dam
41
What is the LOCUSTRINE zone?
The CLOSEST part of the reservoir to the dam Has the SLOWEST flow / no distinct currents
42
What is the TRANSITIONAL zone?
Between riverine and locustrine Most SEDIMENTATION occurs (Coarse then fine sediments)
43
What is the RIVERINE zone?
The part of the reservoir that is FARTHEST from the dam, where current is QUICKEST and the channel is the shallowest When you first see depth increase and current decrease
44
What are over/inter/underflows and what dictates which occurs?
OVERflows: riverine water flows on the TOP of the reservoir water INTERflows: riverine water flows in the MIDDLE of reservoir water UNDERflows: riverine water flows at the BOTTOM of reservoir water Affected by DENSITY, which is affected by TEMP, SUSP. SEDIMENTS, and SALTS
45
What is STRATIFICATION like in reservoirs?
Depends on size and operation, erratic LARGE: Often monomictic or polymictic SMALL: May not stratify, but incoming river can warm up
46
How does PRIMARY PRODUCTION change with AGE in reservoirs?
Young: initial upsurge due to decomp of terrestrial material, then depression Old: After depression, increase from eutrophication
47
How does PRIMARY PRODUCTION change with LOCATION within a reservoir?
48
What are two main downstream effects of dams?
Flow alteration: Can "homogenize" flow regime Temperature: Epi/Hypolimnetic release can change fish spp depending on O2 and temperature
49
What are some CUMULATIVE effects of dams in the US?
FRAGMENTATION of continuous river habitats Decrease in BIODIVERSITY of migratory fishes, mussels, and riparian vegetation Alter the GEOMORPHOLOGY of river beds Change the HYDROLOGY of a watershed Affect the CHEMISTRY of ecosystems
50
What are the major fluxes of water in the Earth's hydrologic cycle?
PRECIPITATION SURFACE RUNOFF GROUNDWATER FLOW EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
51
What are the two main drivers of Earth's hydrologic cycle?
Gravity (Pulls water down) Solar Power (Brings it back up)
52
How is river water changed on the landscape?
PHYSICALLY: changes in temp and particles suspended in it CHEMICALLY: leeching, reactions, dissolution, etc
53
How is water different in the saturated and unsaturated soil zones?
UNSATURATED: held tightly to soil by capillary force SATURATED: AKA ground water, under the water table
54
What is the difference between ground water RECHARGE and DISCHARGE?
RECHARGE: inputs to groundwater from precip/surface waters DISCHARGE: Output from groundwater to surface water from springs/seeps
55
Capture Zone/Contributing Area
Kind of like a watershed, but more on a groundwater basis Land surface area over which precipitation and snowmelt infiltrate to the water table and flow to the well/lake/spring
56
Aquifer
A geological formation through which groundwater can move (be extracted)
57
Water table
Depth to the saturated zone
58
How does the depth to the water table change in different locations and over time?
Smaller near permanent water bodies Changes over time from differences in RECHARGE, WITHDRAWAL and ET
59
How do HIGHLAND and LOWLAND lakes differ in their water inputs/outputs?
HIGHLAND: considered to be SEEPAGE lakes, which receive very little input from groundwater or surface runoff, but a normal amound ot precipitation LOWLAND: considered to be DRAINAGE lakes, which receive LOTS of groundwater and surface input SEEP OUT, DRAIN IN
60
What are some chemical and ecological characteristics of highland lakes?
Low conductivity Low chlorophyll Low # fish species Less groundwater Smaller size
61
What are some chemical and ecological characteristics of lowland lakes?
High conductivity High chlorophyll High # of fish species More groundwater Larger size More habitat and species diversity
62
Seepage Flux
Groundwater discharge into a lake
63
How does groundwater affect fish spawns, salmon, and desert fish?
Spawning: eggs require high O2 and often low T Salmon: Nests in stream bed areas of GW DISCHARGE Desert Fishes: Build nests in bed areas of groundwater RECHARGE
64
Watershed
Total area of alnd that contributes water to a body of interest
65
Land Use/Land Cover (LULC)
Plant/water cover or how land is used (urban, agriculture, wetland, prairie, forest, etc)
66
How are LULC effects identified?
By relating an ecological variable to % land cover (of peatlands, agriculture, etc)
67
What are common effects of agriculture on aquatic ecosystems?
Increased Nutrients Higher Sediment and OM inputs Warmer stream temperatures Decrease in biotic indices/health
68
What are common effects of Urbanization on aquatic ecosystems?
More impermeable surfaces Storm sewers act as streams Reduced groundwater recharge (Water table goes down) Higher surface runoff -\> flash floods -\> erosion
69
What is "Urban Stream Syndrome"?
The effect of all of the impervious surfaces causing flash floods and more variability in stream flow.
70
How does urbanization affect water quality?
Decreases it by: Less GW flow + Rapid runoff -\> limited removal of solutes/sediments
71
What can be done to reduce the effects of urbanization?
Increase GW recharge by making RAIN GARDENS Slow down runoff with SETTLING PONDS
72
What can be done to reduce the effects of agriculture? What are the pro(s) and con(s) of these methods?
Increase coverage of riparian zones **PROS**: slow runoff, catching P and sediments Low O2 and High OM -\> Good for Denitrification **CONS**: Max nutrient capacity GW can "miss" the RZ, making it ineffective
73
At what rate is ice cover shortening on Lake Mendota?
18 days shorter every 100 years
74
What is the projection of changes in average temperatures in Wisconsin by mid-century?
4 - 9° C warmer by mid century
75
What is the difference between MITIGATION and ADAPTATION of/to environmental impacts?
MITIGATION: reducing our emissions Deals with the CAUSE ADAPTATION: lessen the effect of emissions ON US Deals with the EFFECT
76
How much algae grows from 1 kg of Phosphorus?
500 kg of algae
77
Why are blue-green algae a special problem for lake conservationists?
They are not a very edible part of the food chain They can produce toxins Shade out macrophytes
78
What causes a big part of the nutrient inpts into Lake Mendota?
Agricultural runoff from manure spreading during the winter.
79
What is one way the manure problem can be solved?
Development or use of anaerobic manure digesters
80
What is the difference between an EXOTIC, NON-NATIVE, and INVASIVE species?
EXOTIC: From another country/continent NON-NATIVE: From another part of same country INVASIVE: Implies undesirable impact
81
What is the leading threat to biodiversity in lakes?
Invasive species
82
How much do invasive species cost per year?
$137 Billion
83
What are common features of invasive species?
Broad environmental tolerances Effective dispersal (Esp piggy-backing on humans) High rate of population increase Unique ecological niche Predator-resistant
84
What are the components of a successful invasion?
Colonization (Getting there) Establishment (Proliferating) Impact (On native biota)
85
What are the emerging invaders in WI lakes and rivers?
Rusty crayfish Zebra mussel Rainbow smelt Spiny water flea
86
How are invasive species spread by human activities?
Boaters - Ballast water on ACTIVE boaters Baitbuckets of fishermen
87
RUSTY CRAYFISH Native range, Spread in WI, Vulnerable systems, imacts
Native Range: Central USA Spread in WI: SPread to NE corner, then everywhere Vulnerable Systems: pH \>/= 5.5, Ca \>/= 3 mg/L Impacts: Now 50% of all WI Crayfish, reduce macrophyte richness and abundance
88
ZEBRA MUSSEL Native Range, Attributes, Spread in USA, Distro in WI, Vulnerable WI systems
Native Range: Caspian Sea Attributes: "Perfect invader", High reprod. rate, Planktonic larvae, Filter water column, draw productivity to bottom, PSEUDOFECES
89
## Footnote RAINBOW SMELT Spread in USA, Impacts, Distro in WI, Vulnerable WI systems
Spread: East coast -\> Crystal Lake, MI -\> Lake MI -\> GL Impacts: Native fish decline bc rainbow smelt eat young Distro in WI: From GL Vulnerable Systems: N WI lakes mostly, but also SE
90
## Footnote SPINY WATER FLEA Spread in USA, Impacts, Distro in WI, Vulnerable WI systems
Spread: Eurasia -\> GL -\> inland via recreational boaters (Madison Lakes in 2009) Impacts: Eat zooplankton (Daphnia) which improve water quality Distribution in WI: Mostly Southern/Central WI Vulnerable Systems: ALL
91
How many people ...lack access to safe drinking water? lack sanitation systems for their water? die annually from water-related disease? are affected by severe drought every year?
1 Billion lack access 3 Billion lack sanitation 5-10 Million die from water-related disease 25 Million/yr are affected by drought
92
What is water's residence time in...the atmosphere? Rivers? Lakes? Groundwater? Fossil aquifers?
12 days atmosphere 30 days rivers 17 years lakes 100s of years GW 1000s of years Fossil aquifers
93
How did water availability/person decrease from 1950-2000?
It went from 16000 m3 to 6000 m3
94
What is considered water stress and water scarcity in terms of per capita volume of water per year?
Water Stress: 1000-1700 m3/person/yr Water Scarcity \<1000 m3/person/yr 40% of world population under water stress
95
What are "Cones of Depression" and how do humans cause them?
They are local areas where the water table is lowered to a point where withdrawal is faster than the recharge rate. Caused by human withdrawal of water
96
What is going on with the Ogallala aquifer?
It supplies water for ~20% of US farmland Withdrawal is 8-100x the recharge rate Will be dry by 2020 or earlier Water conservation will NOT prevent drying out
97
What is going on with the Aral Sea?
4th largest inland sea Massive diversions for irrigation Dried up rivers Lake Volume has dropped by 70% All native fish spp GONE 50% of native birds/mammals gone Altered climate/desertification -\> more pesticides and fertilizers Highest infant mortality in Asia
98
What is going on with California's water?
Federal system of dams, pumps, and aqueducts bring water from North to the South Los Angeles vs Agriculture Ag is 2% of economy, 83% of water usage Palm Springs has 269 golf courses, federally-funded water usage
99
What can be done to conserve water?
Increase supply (dams, mine GW, transfer from Canada) Slow population growth Improve efficiency of water use Save at home

Zoology 315 (3 decks)

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