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Zoology 315 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the largest source of biologically-active Nitrogen?

A

The atmosphere (6.2%)

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2
Q

Where is most of Earth’s Nitrogen located?

A

The Lithosphere (crust)

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3
Q

Which forms of nitrogen are the most biologically important?

A

Ammonium (NH4+)

and

Nitrate (NO3-)

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4
Q

Transformations of Nitrogen

A

Fixation

Uptake

Mineralization

Nitrification

Denitrification

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5
Q

N Fixation

What is it? Who does it?

A

N2 -> NH4+

Cyanobacteria

Rhizobia

Fertilizer Production - Haber Bosch process

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6
Q

Uptake

A

NH4+ or NO3- taken up by organisms and incorporated into ORGANIC NITROGEN (Amino Acids)

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7
Q

Mineralization

A

Organic N -> NH4+

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8
Q

Nitrification

A

NH4+ -> NO2- -> NO3-

Occurs when oxygen is present

Low light

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9
Q

Denitrification

A

NO3- -> N2O -> N2 (atm)

Occurs in anoxic conditions, bacterial process

AKA Nitrate Respiration

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10
Q

N Cycle (Basic)

A
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11
Q

Epilimnion N Cycle

A
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12
Q

Hypolimnion N Cycle

A
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13
Q

What forms of Nitrogen are present when O2 is present?

A

ALL OF THEM

N2, NO3, NO2, NH4, Organic N

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14
Q

What forms of Nitrogen are present when there is NO O2?

A

NO3 disappears –>–> N2(g)

NH4+ Accumulates

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15
Q

What does the N Profile of an Oligotrophic lake look like during stratification?

A
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16
Q

What does the N Profile of a Eutrophic Lake look like during stratification?

A
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17
Q

What is the Redfield Ratio?

A

106 C : 16 N : 1 P

The ratio applies to plankton and algae in aquatic systems

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18
Q

Which nutrient limits biological activity in inland waters?

A

Phosphorus

(Nitrogen in the Ocean)

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19
Q

Where do most primary producers occur in a water column?

A

Epilimnion/Photic Zone

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20
Q

Picoplankton

A

0.2 - 2 µm

High SA:V ratio allows rapid growth

Small size makes susceptible to grazing

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21
Q

Nanoplankton

A

2 - 30 µm

Still small

susceptible to grazing

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22
Q

Microplankton

A

30-200 µm

Larger

Sink faster

grow slower

less susceptible to grazing

dominant in nutrient-rich lakes

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23
Q

Algal Divisions

A

Cyanobacteria - blue/green algae and bact

Chlorophyta - green algae

Bacillariophyta - diatoms

Pyrophyta - dinoflagellates

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24
Q

Cyanobacteria

A

PROKARYOTES

Often dominant

All types of environments

Some fix Nitrogen

Some produce toxins

Buoyant (gas vacuoles)

25
Chlorophyta
Green algae (standard algae) EUKARYOTES common in eutrophic and hypertrophic lakes, many streams
26
Bacillariophyta
Diatoms Require Silica to build their FRUSTULES Biodiverse Heavy --\> limited mobility
27
Pyrophyta
Dinoflagellates Brownish color often "armored" cause RED TIDES in marine systems
28
Seasonal succession of phytoplankton
1. Initial bloom after mixing 2. Grazers increase, phyto crash ("spring clear water phase") 3. Grazing declines, summer bloom (greens and blue-greens) 4. Fall cooling and grazing 5. Fall blooms post-mixing
29
What are the two main groups of primary producers?
Algae Macrophytes
30
Periphyton
Algae growing on benthic sediments
31
Epiphyton
Algae growing on plants
32
What are the 3 Macrophyte growth forms?
Emergent Floating Leaved Submergent
33
Macrophyte Physical Adaptations
NO structural tissue NO waxy cuticle Aerenchyma (buoyant tissues) Heterophylly ("diverse leaves")
34
Contributions of different Primary producers to overall lake productivity
35
HNAN
Heterotrophic Nanoflagellates (Type of PROTOZOAN) Non-pigmented species made of: - cryptomonads - dinoflagellates - euglenoids - chrysophytes
36
Ciliates
Type of PROTOZOAN Heterotrophic zooplankton that can live in hypoxic conditions some are predators some have multiple modes of nutrition
37
Rotifers (Phylum Rotifera)
A relatively large phylum of zooplankton that are multicellular, mostly non predatory, and grow quickly PARTHENOGENIC REPRODUCTION
38
Parthenogenic Reproduction
Under favorable conditions, female rotifers and bythotrephes will undergo amictic reproduction, in which they produce a viable egg that matures into an amictic female Under UNFAVORABLE conditions, a female lays an egg that needs to unite with sperm from a HAPLOID male to form a fertilized resting egg.
39
Types of Crustaceans
Cladocerans (Daphnia) Leptodora (Predatory-raptorial) Bythotrephes (Spiny Water Flea) Copepods (Calanoids and Cyclopoids)
40
Chaoborus
Insect larvae from insect order Diptera
41
Anti-Predator strategies of Zooplankton
Vertical Migration Cyclomorphosis (Morphology changes with seasons and generations - spinier with predators around)
42
Zoobenthos Taxonomy
Porifera - Sponges Cnideria - Hydras, jellyfish Bryozoa - Phylactolaemata (related to corals) Annelida - Aquatic Worms Crustacea - Crayfish Mollusca - Snails and bivalves Aquatic Insects
43
Size distinctions of zoobenthos
Macrobenthos (\>500 um) Meiobenthos (100-500 um) Microbenthos (\<100 um)
44
Feeding Groups of Zooplankton
Filter-feeders Deposit-feeders/collectors Scrapers/grazers Shredders (leaves) Predators
45
Zoobenthos ________ in fish diets with increasing lake size
DECREASES
46
Fish Taxonomic Groups
Jawless - Lampreys Cartilaginous - Sharks & Rays Bony - Lung fish, ray-finned fishes
47
Major Freshwater Fish Orders
Cypriniformes - Minnows Siluriformes - Cat Fish Perciformes - Perch, walleye, darters
48
What are the most imperiled organisms on the planet?
Freshwater fishes and invertebrates Especially large fishes
49
Fish Feeding Groups
Piscivores - Eat fish Benthivores - Bottom-feeders (tentacles) Surface Feeders - falling insects Zooplanktivores - small mouth on body Omnivore - generalized
50
Reproductive strategies of fishes
(All Egg layers-varying amounts) Mouth-brooders nest builders lay-and-leave
51
What are some roles that fishes play in ecosystems?
Littoral-pelagic Bioturbation - carp stir sediments Upstream migration (salmon) Control of Zooplankton Community
52
Overview of Lake Biota (Major Groups Present)
Phytoplankton Zooplankton Fishes Benthic Plants Zoobenthos Bacteria
53
Eutrophic
Well Fed Green, shallow, human activity in watershed High phytoplankton production
54
Oligotrophic
Poorly-fed Deep water, clear/blue Low production
55
Mesotrophic
Transitioning from oligotrophic to eutrophic
56
Dystrophic
Brown, lots of DOM Wetlands in Watershed Light limited
57
What variables are used in the Carlson State Index?
TP Chlorophyll-a Secchi Depth
58
What are some management practices that treat the SYMPTOMS of eutrophication?
Increase algal grazing (manip. food web) Kill algae (CuSO4) Reduce Light Avail (Aquashade)
59
What are some BMP's for treating the CAUSES of eutrophication?
Decrease impervious surfaces Plant Trees (nutr uptake) Build more retention ponds (nutrs absorbed before water flows to lake)

Zoology 315 (3 decks)

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