Exam 3 Flashcards
(304 cards)
1
Q
Chorionic Gonadotrophin (CG)
A
- created/secreted by the placenta to keep progesterone high
- acts similar to LH
- prevents miscarriage
2
Q
Estrogen/Progesterone during pregnancy
A
- comes from placenta, not ovary
- if ovaries are removed during pregnancy, pregnancy still goes to term
3
Q
Corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH)
A
- created/secreted by the placenta
- controls release of cortisol
4
Q
Who makes placenta
A
Fetus
5
Q
Placenta is a major _____ and ______ _____
A
endocrine and immune gland
6
Q
Antibody transfer before and after birth
A
- maternal antibodies cross placenta increasingly as pregnancy progresses
- after birth, passive immunity through breast milk for 3 months
- after 3 months, infant makes more IgGs on own
7
Q
Placenta filters antibodies
A
- receptors on placenta that grab mother’s IgGs and pull them across placenta
8
Q
Neotnatal IgGs level pattern
A
- highest in humans (~130% of mother), lesser as more primitive
9
Q
Placental Iron Transfer
A
- receptors for iron
- ~50% of iron needed for baby to grow is pulled across placenta
10
Q
Receptor for Iron
A
- transferrin
11
Q
- If low iron transfer…
A
- then low iron stores
- insufficient iron for post-natal growth
- anemic
12
Q
Obstetrical practice to make up for low iron
A
- delayed cord clamping
- blood goes into baby
- some humans eat placenta in form of pill, high in nutrients
13
Q
Egg laying mammals
A
monotremes
14
Q
mammals like marsupials
A
therian
15
Q
live young
A
viviparity
16
Q
true placental mammals
A
eutherian
17
Q
immature
A
altricial
18
Q
relatively mature
A
precocial
- prolongation of pregnancy and nursing
19
Q
Nursing of primates
A
- lemurs 2-6 months
- monkeys 6-12 months
- apes 3-4 years
20
Q
baby parking
A
galagos & mouse lemurs
nest or branch
21
Q
Titi monkey
A
- monogamous
- paternal care
- NW
22
Q
Aunting behavior
A
- squirrel monkey
- moms carrying
- older daughter also helps to carry sometimes
- pre puberty - females rush to baby if left alone
23
Q
Baby Passing
A
- langurs
- for bonding?
- baby passed around amongst other females
- not always gentle
- dominant sometimes takes baby away from submissive mom
24
Q
Immediately after birth…
A
mom pulls baby onto chest
25
Maternal Motivation
- predisposed to form selective bonds
- agitation reaction to involuntary separation
- permissive hormones
- birthing process (delivery/placenta)
- socialization
- elicitors
26
Elicitors
cues
27
Permissive Hormone
Oxytocin
28
If monkeys are delivered by C-section
- if cleaned, mother does not feel maternal bond
29
How does the mother know its a baby
- size
- smell
- natal coat
- "cute" response
- distress calls (cry)
30
What does baby bring to relationship?
- companionship
- grasping/clasping
- rooting/suckling
- negative geotropism
31
negative geotropism
- need to know up from down
32
3 primary stages in Mother-Infant Relationship & length of time in monkeys and apes
- Support
- Ambivalence
- Rejection
- monkeys; 6 months
- apes: 3-4 years
33
Support
Carrying, Nursing
34
Ambivalence
baby moves off mother, mother nervous
35
Rejection
wean & reject baby if it doesn't become independent on its own
36
Importance of early experience
- if disruption in early experiences, consequences of development
37
Approach/Leave Ratio
- scoring that says how much infant is leaving/mother is approaching
- tells how independent baby has become
38
Monkeys 6-12 months development
- monkey infant off mother to peer play group of same age
- important for normal development
- change from support to independence fairly fast
39
Great Apes timeline for primary stages
Support: 1 year
Ambivalence: 2 years
Rejection & active weaning: 3-4 years
40
Mother is a ______ to the baby
- source of emotional security
- if not mother, inhibited/affected development
- acts as both emotional support and learning for survival
41
Primates are predisposed to be _____
social
42
Theory of attachment
- John Bowlby
- biological predisposition to want to form attachment and relationship
- born looking to find mom&dad
- references Konrad Lorenz and Harry Harlow
43
Konrad Lorenz
- imprinting
- when young birds born, predisposed to find parents
- 1st thing they see is "mom/dad"
- if mother isn't around, imprint on first thing they see
44
Cranes in Baraboo
- cranes raised in captivity
| - use small plane to teach cranes to migrate south for winter
45
Hippo attachment example
- lost mother, follows turtle
46
Monkeys and Prosimians: sense used for attachment
- do not rely as much on vision, more on smell
47
Harry Harlow
- UW comparative psychologist
- cloth surrogate mother vs. wire mother
- wire mother had food but baby monkey spent 80-90% of time on cloth mother
- contact comfort
- when monkey was scared with toy, ran to cloth mother
- will go around barriers to get to cloth mother
- cloth mom is bonded to monkeys
48
3 stages of response to separation (losing care provider) once bond is formed
- protest
- depressive
- social detachment
49
Protest response to separation
- agitation
- 1st hour to 1st day
- human equivalent to crying
50
Depressive response to separation
- conservation withdrawal
| - quiet, turned inward
51
Social detachment to separation
- if parent returns, child is detached & avoidant
| - more prominent in humans
52
Baby monkey call to get mother to return
- whooo call
53
Protest-agitation bodily responses
- crying
- HR, BP, cortisol all increased
- aroused
54
Depressive-withdrawal bodily responses
- body temp, norepinephrine decreased
| - immunosuppressed
55
3 main neurotransmitters involved in separation
- serotonin (5HT)
- dopamine (DA)
- norepinephrine (NE)
- in hindbrain, axons project forward, influence how brain functions
56
During protest phase of separation neurotransmitter effects
- dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine increased
- continued demand to release NE when separation is longer & longer
- those who cannot meet this demand are more withdrawn when parent returns
57
Hans Spitz
- Detachment
- Hospitalization syndrome
- "failure to thrive"
58
Hospitalization syndrome
- when raised in orphanage --> okay 1-2 years... after that becomes detached
59
Anna Freud
- Freud's daughter
- detachment in orphans from WWII
- hard for them to form new relationships
60
Romanian Institutions Ceaucescu 1989
- 2% of children (100,000) raised in state nurseries
| - birth control banned, many children abandoned by mothers
61
Neurodevelopmental disorders and psychiatric conditions (3)
- Orality & self-clasping
- Rocking
- emotionality
62
Neurodevelopmental disorders and psychiatric conditions: Orality and Self-clasping
- grab onto anything, including self
| - fixated
63
Neurodevelopmental disorders and psychiatric conditions: Rocking
- repetitive, stereotypic behavior
- self-injurious behavior (SIB)
- reflective of children w/ autism
64
Neurodevelopmental disorders and psychiatric conditions: Emotionality
- increased emotional reactivity
- social disinterest/aggressiveness
- lack of empathy
- normally when one monkey is upset and another sees it, it will also feel upset
65
Self-injurious behavior
- SIB
- self biting
- unresponsive "motherless mothers" --> do not feel bonding towards infant and do not hold onto it
66
Effects of neurodevelopment disorders on brain chemistry & immune system
- low NE
- altered DA functioning
- abnormal motivation and rewards system
- immunosuppressed
67
Epigenetics
- genes can be affected by early life events
68
Bifido bacteria Lactobacilli
- babies need to nurse with breastmilk
| - nursery-reared infant have different gut bacteria than breast milk fed
69
Treatment/Recovery of detached/neglected monkeys (4)
- needs to be before 1 year of age
- Peer-reared monkeys
- Playroom therapy
- grandparent therapy
- dog parent therapy
70
Treatment/Recovery of detached/neglected monkeys: Peer-reared monkeys
- "together-together"
| - not a great solution, will just hold one another but do not develop autonomy necessarily
71
Treatment/Recovery of detached/neglected monkeys: Playroom Therapy
- nuclear family housing
- only infants to central play area, mothers stay in big cages
- turn out okay, but sooner the better
- learn to interact appropriately
72
Treatment/Recovery of detached/neglected monkeys: Grandparent Therapy
- older monkeys become surrogate mom/dad
| - decent way of raising monkeys normally
73
Treatment/Recovery of detached/neglected monkeys: Dog parent therapy
- do not develop complex social relationships as an adult
74
Are there ethical issues with infant research?
- is it ethical to conduct research on infants?
| - what rationals should be required & is it reasonable to follow traditional research
75
Research changed rearing procedures at zoos
- babies used to be put in nursery, now babies raised by mom
- also contributed to radical change in how children were raised throughout the world
- orphanages down, foster families and adoption up
76
Serotonin
- 5HT
- sleep/wake
- depression
77
Dopamine
- DA
- movement
- motivated behavior
- drug addiction
78
Norepinephrine
- NE
- arousal
- depression
79
Watson: Pre- WWII view of parenting
- don't hold baby, will become spoiled
| - scheduled feeding then, on-demand feeding now
80
Importance of tactile stimulation (3 researchers)
- Harry Harlow: contact comfort
- Konrad Lorenz: imprinting
- John Bowlby: attachment theory
81
Oscar
- orphan chimp adopted by male
- mother died of illness
- most cases infant would die
82
Antidepressants raise ______
- 5HT, DA, NE
83
Allele related to depression
- determines how efficient at making/uptaking serotonin
- efficient: long allele
- inefficient: short allele
- can be long-long, long-short, or short-short
84
Efficient allele for reuptake of serotonin
- long allele (dandelion)
85
Inefficient allele for repute of serotonin
- short allele (orchid)
86
Monkey see, monkey do
- why does a monkey imitate?
| - mirror neurons? (cells that get us to copy)
87
Preferences in monkeys (2 examples)
- infant preference: prefer monkeys of own species
| - Rhesus: preference for adult females over males
88
Selection Circus
- put monkey inside circular apparatus
- preferred/detected female monkey vs male
- also showed threatening face
- no run until 3 months of age
89
Stages of life
- Infancy- weaning
- Juvenile to puberty
- subadult to adolescence
- adult - start of reproduction
- aged - old age
90
Chimps life span
- infancy lasts 0-4 years of age
- juvenile 5-8 years of age
- puberty: f--> 10-12 yrs old, m --> 11-13 yrs old
- adult: f--> 12-14 years, m --> 14 years
91
Juveniles hang out in _____
- large same-aged groups
- distinct behaviors
- play behaviors
- high energy level
92
exuberance
high energy level
93
Play behaviors (3)
- solo play
- social play
- object play/environment explore
94
Why play?
- fun
- learn skill
- socialization
- behavioral plasticity
- energy expenditure
95
Defining "play"
- nonpurposeful
- repetitive
- incomplete elements
- exaggerated
- "play face"
- response of recipient
- out of context
96
Evolution of the smile
- related to play-face
| - wrestling play (rough and tumble) (more common in males)
97
Gender differences in play
- type of play
- m more rough & tumble
- cessation of play
- f stop earlier
- extended male adolescence
- onset of reproduction
- emmigration
98
androgenize
- fetus turning male by exposure to testosterone
99
Experiment with XX exposed to androgen during fetal development
- hermaphroditic in appearance
- behave more like males
- gynecological problems
- polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)
100
PCOS
polycystic ovarian syndrome
| - experienced by female monkeys who were injected with androgen during time as fetus
101
Time from menarche to first birth
- about 1.5 years
102
time from testical enlargement to adult rank/leaving
- about 2 years
103
ways to measure hormones
- blood
- saliva (1/10)
- urine and feces (metabolites)
- hair (long term)
104
every species has distinctive appearance change when adult --> examples (2)
- cheek pads in orange
| - blue scrotum in vervet
105
Old Age overview (captivity)
- frail, lose weight (~20 years)
| - in captivity, live additional 10-20 years as monkeys
106
Old Age changes (5)
- behavioral
- physiological
- cognitive
- disease morbidity
- mortality
107
Aging research in primates
- develop geriatric illnesses like people when in captivity because they live longer
- eyes: cataracts
- bone: osteoporosis
- brain: alzheimers (symptoms), parkinsons
- immunity: immune senescence, lower vaccine efficacy
108
Match-to-sample task in old age
- teach and remember later
| - do worse as they age
109
Biomarkers of aging
- appearance
- metabolic syndrome (wear & tear)
- oxidative metabolism
- illness of old age
110
benefits of calorie restriction in captivity
- slower aging process
111
Brain maturation of monkeys (age)
- males: 5 years
| - females: 3 years
112
flu vaccine response (age differences)
- antibody response lower in older monkeys
- gave second booster
- old & young increased response
113
Old monkeys do not experience dementia and alzheimers, however....
- they do lose neurons and develop plaques.
114
Experiment with flashing lights
- tests short term/working memory in old monkeys
- monkeys look through panel with 9 lights, they flash, have to remember where they are after time delays
- found short term memory is declining as expected
115
George Romanes (1884)
- "animal intelligence"
| - argued curiosity, insight, empathy aspects of behavior are part of intelligence
116
Wilhelm Von Osten
- Clever Hans horse in carnival that could "count"
- horse really taking subliminal cues from owner
- we THINK the animal knows more than it does
117
Occam's Razor
- do not make more complicated than necessary
| - law of parsimony
118
Edward Thorndike
- Trial & error learning, no deep understanding
| - reinforced by what works, conditioned
119
Pavlov
- classical conditioning
| - stimulus, response
120
B.F. Skinner
- operant conditioning
| - reinforcement with reward
121
Wolfgang Kohler
- "insight learning"
- gestalt psychology
- argued more than trial & error
- chimps have insight
122
Wolfgang Kohler Experiment
- placed banana in cage too high up, gave chimps 2 boxes to reach banana if stacked
- chimps stacked boxes to reach banana
- said chimps had understanding, not trial
123
Bowden Box
- Harry Harlow
| - curiosity as motivational drive
124
Chain and Grape Experiment
- tested curiosity
125
Wisconsin General Test Apparatus (WGTA)
- set up series of tests w/ a tray w/ objects on it & a treat under
- overarching goal: task that distinguishes evolution of brains from prosimians to humans
- repetition, reinforce object discrimination
- oddity learning (principle)
126
Habit Learning with WGTA
- one object correct, one object wrong over and over
| - monkeys no problem learning principle of different
127
Learning set WGTA
- 6 trials, first trial shows rule for removing oddity
- 5 trials of set
- best test ever developed to distinguish what's different across brains of primates
- rhesus, apes, humans --> good
- squirrel monkey, prosimians --> bad
128
Delayed matching to sample WGTA
- easy with 0 second delay, harder as delay got bigger
129
Rob Hampton
- categorization choice
- bins on touch screen w/ no labels
- sort pictures
- food reward
- face recognition as well
130
Word recognition by letter pattern from equivalent random non-words
- baboons
- 4 letter words spelt correctly vs scrambled (PLAC vs CLAP)
- gestalt, not actually reading
131
Tetsuro Matsuzawa
- University of Kyoto (Japan)
- touchscreen sequential counting chimps
- chimps can also match symbols to english and japanese words
132
Addition Task
- show set 1.. delay... show set 2.. then two choices of possible sums
- rhesus monkeys can count and add to 8, have not gotten past 9
133
Recall previously seen photograph among 9 pictures
- had varied reward value
| - could bet treats based on confidence
134
cognitive neuroscience & computational neuroscience
- monkey could move joystick with only brain
135
Preparedness Learning
- Susan Mineka
- studied if monkeys are innately afraid of snakes
- if you show lab monkey video of snake with scared monkey in it, become afraid of snakes
- if you show same thing with flowers, not afraid of flowers
136
Issues/challenges with traditional learning/cognition studies
- some primates below average (squirrel, gibbons)
- some above norm (capuchins)
- other animals: raccoons, parrots above
137
Sheo Singh
- looked at performance of urban vs rural monkeys
| - city monkeys performed better, more interest in objects
138
Species typical behavior in chimps
- nest building, hunting, medicinal plant use
139
Tool Use in chimp
- Jane Goodall: ant dipping
| - Testuro Matauzawa: rock hammer/anvil
140
Protoculture
- facultative learning from mother
141
Complex cognitive concepts Chimps
- awareness of time, sense of self, death, sense of fairness & reciprocity, art & music awareness etc
142
Imo, juvenile Japanese Macaque
- potato and wheat washing
- behavior spread amongst troop, juveniles first, females, then males
- now all monkeys wash food on this island
143
Ant dipping and termite fishing in chimps (imitation or purposeful teaching?)
- learn how to do by watching mother
| - also looked at breaking nuts with rocks
144
Jill Pruetz
- chimps cool off in caves on hot days
| - wouldn't go into cave usually
145
Researchers gave vervet blue and pink foods, infants ______
- infants ate what mother ate most of time
146
Gordon Gallup
- self-awareness mirror recognition test
- put red spot on forehead, if touches itself, has sense of self, if touches mirror, doesn't know
- originally chimps yes, monkeys no
- if monkeys given small mirror.. yes but look more at genitals
147
What other animal recognizes itself in a mirror?
- elephant
148
Emil Menzel & Sally Beysen
- object constancy
- are objects out of sight out of mind?
- show chimp in small scale layout where banana is hidden, can find banana right away in full scale layout
- can also find object after being shown on tv screen
149
Grief argument by ____ and what it is
- Jane Goodall
| - Flo died, son would not leave her body for weeks, died a month later
150
Theory of Mind
- thinking that your mind & my mind have something in common
- food sharing.. sense of fairness YES
- working as a team YES
151
Sense of time measurements
- memories of past, anticipation of future
| - how do they experience art, music
152
Sense of fairness task
- unequal rewards (grape vs biscuit) for same task
153
Chimpanzee poking hole for _____
- galago
- most of time by adult female
- females pass on behavior to offspring
154
Will a monkey play video games?
- yes, tic tac toe
| - similar to 3-6 yr old child in navigation games
155
types of communication from primate to primate
- intentional
- unintentional (piloerection, autonomic nervous system)
- if message isn't received, have to take more drastic measures
- gestures for aggression & peacekeeping
- communicate also by position
156
Reciprocal Altruism
- "i get it this time, you get it next time"
| - temporarily disadvantaging oneself for another
157
3 factors in communicating
- Motivation, Meaning, Function
158
Threat Face
- stare
159
Open mouth threat
- response to threat, sometimes teeth showing, sometimes not
160
Fear Grimace
- looks like a smile
| - shows they are not a threat
161
Play Smile
- happy face
162
Social Smile
- more anxious
163
Visual cues for communication (6)
- gestures, posture, color
- body language
- natal coat
- sexual dimorphism
- species, age, hormones
- exaggeration of other signals
- piloerection
- bipedalism
164
Tactile communication
- touch communication
- associated with positive
- grooming --> group cohesion
- passive body contact --> lower HR
165
Example of passive body contact
- sleep in groups touching
- sleep next to relative/best friend
- put tail on who they like best
166
Olfactory communication
- odor communication
- reliance on scent marking in NW and prosimians
- scent can come from oil glands, urine, fecal matter, and sneezing
- tells species, gender, hormone status
- pheromones
167
Auditory Communication (5)
- distress calls
- cohesion calls
- territorial calls
- food calls
- predator calls
168
Gibbon/Siamang Long Call
- wake up in morning, call & troop calls back
169
Robert Seyfarth and Dorothy Cheney
- different calls by vervet for leopards, eagles, and snakes
| - juveniles call out wrong sometimes, get better as older
170
Whoo-shriek
- rhesus distress call of infants
| - squirrel monkeys also high distress call
171
Infant distress call experiment
- adults do not respond to distress calls of different species
- even squirrel monkeys from different sides of amazon
172
Pant-Hoot calls from chimps observation
- chimps wake up and pant hoot for 30 minutes
- experiment: throw food, nothing, or blast other stranger chimp pant hoot calls into area
- results, very low amounts when fruit thrown... more when strange chimp calls blasted
173
ACCI
- Ape Cognition Conservation Initiative
- Des Moines, Iowa
- indoor/outdoor facility
174
Mission of ACCI
- science, conservation, civic engagement
175
Scientific Mission of ACCI
- study evolutionary origins of human language, cognition, behavior
176
Conservation Mission of ACCI
- promoting environmental awareness & activism by educating future generations
177
Civic Engagement Mission of ACCI
- aim to educate students of all ages on importance of great apes
178
Bonobo Facts (2)
critically endangered
| - only in dem repub of congo
179
Bonobos living at ACCI (5)
- Kanzi
- Nyota
- Maisha
- Elikya (teco mom)
- Teco
180
Descartes
- said what separated humans from animals is ability to put words together to convey thoughts
- "think therefore i am"
181
Pepys
- believed chimps could understand english & thought it may be taught to speak or sign language
182
Neural Requirements for Language?
- Brain size >500cc
| - brain laterality needed
183
Areas needed for language in brain
- Broca and Wernicke's
| - exist in apes
184
Chimps that are left handed
- larger precentral gyrus in right hemisphere
| - language in either side
185
Chimps that are right handed
- 60-70%
| - language in left side of brain
186
Chimps have ______ brains
lateralized
187
Anatomical structure of throat and tongue muscles
- humans: lower pharynx and larynx
- allows us to make many sounds
- apes can't make vocal language
188
Extended period of postnatal maturation
- human brain 24% of adult size at birth
| - monkey and chimp brain 60% of adult size at birth
189
Human brain energy
- use more energy at birth than in adults
190
W & L Kellogg
- Gua chimp, David human child
- raised together
- chimp did not develop language
191
Kathy and Keith Hayes
- chimp vicki raised as child during 1940s
- attempts at verbal language failed
- could "say" cup, mama...
192
Robert Yerkes (1925)
- thought maybe chimps could be taught to use fingers
| - cannot vocalize but thought they still had capacity for language
193
Allen and Beatrice Gardner (1960s)
- Washoe first signing chimp
- 150 sign gestures
- 2-3 sign sequences
- made up signs for things he did not know
194
Roger Fouts
- Washoe dies in 1970
- Wash St. chimp facility closes in 2013
- roger hoped Washoe would teach other chimps, did not happen
195
Chantek & trainer name
- Orang at Atlanta Zoo
- Lyn Miles
- found chantek could sign
196
Koko (and trainer name)
- gorilla
- penny patterson
- stanford
- could also sign
197
All three great apes can be taught to use ASL
- ~ 100-150 words taught
198
David Premark & Sarah the Chimp
- plastic symbols for concepts
- same/different
- larger/smaller
- classes of objects (color)
199
LANA project
- Language Analog
- Duane Rambaugh and Sue Savage-Rumbaugh
- made first touchscreen with symbols
- to oppose argument that this was just fancy animal training, had to use sentence syntax
- can also use keyboard with children with autism
200
Sherman and Austin
- Rumbaughs
- wanted to see if the two chimps could work cooperatively
- taught them categories
- could communicate through keyboards
- ex. please bring me screwdriver
201
Kanzi
- first bonobo to learn language
- watched mother use keyboard
- argued he could understand spoken language
202
Herbert Terrace
- Mentor was B.F. Skinner
- worked with Nim Chimsky
- decided: not language, just elaborate conditioning
- signing research mostly came to an end
203
Irene Pepperberg
- Alex the Parrot
| - animals like whales and parrots both have language
204
Requirements for Language
- Nom Chomsky
- syntax, grammar
- repeatable language
- displacement in time/space
- productivity
- arbitrary
- cultural transmission
205
John Muir
- UW alumnus
| - promoted US Nat Park System
206
Aldo Leopold
- land stewardship
- we are responsible for land around us
- need to take a responsibility to take care of the land
207
WI Governor and Senator Gaylord Nelson
- Earth Day 1970
| - Nelson Earth Day Conference
208
George Shaller
- UW Zoology
- Ethologist
- Mountain Gorilla Study
209
Karen Strier
- Caratinga & biological preserve
- started muriqui conservation efforts
- more than 1000 woolys today
210
Galdikas
- Orang rehabilitation
| - found orangs as pets, help them back into wild
211
Jane Goodall
- Goodall institute
| - roots and shoots program
212
Endangered/Threatened Primates
- 48% of 634 species
213
Russ Mittermeir
- major census of primate species
214
How many primate species in Brazil?
- 114 species
215
How many primate species in Madagascar?
- 97 species
216
How many primate species in Indonesia?
- 44 species
217
% of species critically endangered?
- 11%
218
% of species endangered?
- 22%
219
% of species vulnerable?
- 15%
220
0-100 left of species
- Aye-Aye
- Silky Sifaka
- Golden Lion Tamarin - SA
- Lion-Tailed Macaque
- Mountain Gorilla
221
1000-10,000 left of species
- gibbons
| - sumatra orang
222
FILL IN
- langurs
| - proboscis
223
>300,000
chimps
224
Cao Vit Gibbon
- thought they were extinct
- northern vietnam, southern china
- 25-100 left
225
FILL IN
- Variegated Spider Monkey
226
Madagascar and Humans
- Humans present on Madagascar for 1500 years
- 80% of habitat inhabited by humans
- 14 species lost
- 23 million humans on madagascar today
227
Virunga Volcano Park
- Where Mt. Gorilla lives
- land is big enough for 36,000 people
- equal to 3 months population growth
228
Polio Vaccine
- 40,000 rhesus monkeys
229
Cancer research
- 30,000-40,000 cotton top tamarins in 15 years
230
Ecological and natural disasters
- forest fires in Orang habitats
- droughts
- Vietnam War: 45% forest cleared, 50% damaged
- 2011: Japan Tsunami
231
Deforestation
- Slash & burn agriculture huge in destroying forests
232
Hunting
- revival of culinary interest in "bushmeat"
233
Solutions to habitat degradation
- National parks, corridors between fragmented forests
234
National Park in Congo
- expansion to include more area
235
Cons of Dams
- flood forests
| - Belomonte Dam: controversial
236
Effective breeding population
- >500 individuals to ensure genetic diversity
237
Size of range to be protected?
- ideally carrying capacity
238
Need education in countries of origin
- show they are basis of eco-tourism
| - benefits of national parks
239
Failed attempt of education
- Brazil lion tamarin for olympic mascot
240
Palm Oil
- near orang habitats, indonesian
241
Stephanie Spehar
- sloshkosh
| - orang census, local education in indonesia
242
need to map the changing forests
- necessary to see effect
243
Wisco connections to conservation
- John Muir: national parks
- Aldo Leopold: land stewardship
- Gaylord Nelson: earth day
244
UW connections to primate conservation
- George Shaller: mountain gorilla
- Karen Strier: muriqui
- Martha Robbins: more recent gorilla
245
Steven Solomon
- UW Student
| - traveled around world with Jane Goodall
246
Katie Cronin
- UW student working at Lincoln Park Zoo
247
Each year new list of # of most threatened
- 25
248
Causes of Endangerment (5)
- lumbering
- local agriculture
- dams
- hunting
- global warming
249
Best to put nat parks in what areas?
- areas with high species diversity
250
Korup
- national park in camaroons with 14 species
251
Anna Nekaris
- slow loris conservation
252
Long Yongcheng
- Yunnan Golden Monkey
253
New Macaque found in Tibet
- white-cheeked macaque
254
Clive Hicks
- found 10,000 chimps deep in congo
255
Emmanuele de Merode
- runs national park with mountain gorillas where borders are being searched for oil
256
Levels of Animal treatment
-Animal Abuse, Animal Welfare, Animal Rights, Animal Liberation
257
Bible's advice for animal treatment
- we are the shepherds
| - not our equals, but need to take care of them
258
Laws against cruelty go back to early 1800s
- 1824- Royal society for prevention of cruelty to animals
| - 1866- ASPCA
259
London Times (3 authors)
- Darwin: need use of animals to gain knowledge
- Francis Cobbe: does end justify means?
- George Romanes: it's possible to do animal research with humane treatment
260
Animal Research criticisms
- Inhumane
- Irrelevant
- Redundant
- Unregulated
- Species-ist
261
Typical animals in research
- 95% rats and mice
| - .28% monkeys
262
Animal research at UW madison
- 70% rodent
- 24% fish
- 3% agriculture
- 1% birds
- 1% others
263
How many non-human primates used in research in 2010?
- 73,000
264
Alternatives to animal testing and research
- cell and tissue culture
- computer modeling simulations
- use humans instead of animals?
265
Draize Test
- 1940s developed
| - rabbits traditionally used for this research, see if product is irritating to eyes
266
Alternatives to Draize test
- Effect of growth rates on microbes
- neg effect, okay for humans
- can also use plants
267
LD50
- lethal dose 50 test
| - how poisonous something is
268
ICCVAM authorization act of 2000
- committee of the US gov
- congress ordered better testing that reduced amt of animals being used
- follow the 3 Rs
269
3 Rs
- for animal testing
- Reduce
- Refine
- Replace
270
3 teratogens that were not tested in primates
- Thalidomide for morning sickness: babies born without arms or legs (mostly europe)
- Diethylstilberstrol (estrogen exposure): cervical cancer in daughters
- Vitamin A for acne: malformations, 7000 abortions
271
Thalidomide
- morning sickness
- babies born w/o extremities
- forbidden in USA only 17 cases of 12,000 in europe
272
Diethylstilberstrol
- estrogen exposure to prevent miscarriage
| - cervical cancer in daughters
273
Vitamin A
- used to treat acne when pregnant
| - caused malformations, over 7000 abortions
274
Penicillin discovery
- Fleming discovered b/c it inhibited growth of bacteria
| - Howard Florey started making penicillin, but not mass produced until WWII
275
Howard Temin
- neurologist at UW
| - discovered reverse transcriptase enzyme for replication of AIDS
276
James Thompson
- UW
| - stem cells
277
Peter Singer
- Animal Liberation Philosopher
| - argued species-ist and wrong to use animals for food, clothing, research
278
People for Ethical Treatment of Animals (2 people)
- PETA
- Alex Pacheco
- Ingrid Newkirk
279
Silver spring Monkey
- Lab of Edward Taub
- working on nerve regrowth
- alex pacheco acted as assistant, exposed bad treatment of monkeys
- lab shut down
280
Christopher Reeves
- superman actor
| - advocate for research to help paralyzed move again
281
"Negotiation is Over"
- William Bond, now muslim convert
- 87 months for arson
- others have killed researchers
282
Animal Welfare Act (1966)
- dogs/cats have to be specifically bred for research, cannot use pets
- random research facility inspections
- required record keeping
- dept of agriculture in charge
283
Good Lab Practice Act (1977)
- Guide for care and and use of lab animals
284
Health Research Extensions Act (1985)
- ACUC have to review and approve all research with animals
- Alex Pacheco inspired this
- also have to promote psychological wellbeing
285
The Great Ape Project (1993)
- Peter Singer and Jane Goodall
| - declaration of great apes
286
2013 Chimp Act Amendment
- banned use of chimps in biomedical research
| - can still use monkeys
287
"Person-hood"
- chimp as persons
| - habeas corpus
288
Habeas Corpus
- illegally detained
289
Miguel Nicolelis
- control robot arm or avatar on screen with neuronal firing
290
Rh(esus) blood factor
- Karl Landsteiner & Alexander Einer
| - injected rhesus monkey RBC into rabbits and found they made antibody to RBC
291
Phillip Levine
- realized rabbit antibody response was similar to erythroblastosis fetalis
292
Erythroblastosis Fetalis
- Rh factor of mom's blood different from babies, after first child mother creates antibodies against baby blood, attack baby
- need special medicine
293
Examples of zoonosis (8)
- Bubonic Plague (bacteria)
- Influenza Virus
- SARS: severe acute respiratory system
- MERS: middle easter respiratory system (camels --> people)
- malaria (protozoan parasite)
- Ebola virus
- SAIDS
- Human AIDS
294
Why do we need new flu shots each year?
- as flu virus goes through other animals it mutates
295
Malaria
- almost 200 million cases , 500,000 deaths
- 90% of deaths in Africa
- 86% in children under 5 years
- strains of malaria affect monkeys, apes, and humans
- used to think human strain was unique, could not be passed to apes and vice versa... not true
296
Ebola
- 4 known outbreaks since 1970s
- 11,000 casualties in current outbreak
- epidemic in chimps and gorillas in early 2000s for 5 years in same area as current outbreak
- think bats are natural reservoir
297
Nancy Sullivan
- worked on ebola vaccine in 90s but limited interest
| - trouble getting funding
298
Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- UW prof in vet medicine
- just made effective vaccine against ebola
- developed strain that isn't contagious but that body still makes antibodies
- still coming up with treatment once infected
299
AIDS
- first US cases in 1980s
- virus isolated by Luc Montagnier & Robert Gallo
- - Howard Temin (UW Prof) decovered virus attacks the immune system
- is a retrovirus (RNA that uses cells to make DNA)
300
AIDS Stats
- 32 million globally living with AIDS
- 1 in every 3 people in southern africa
- 12.3 million children orphaned in southern africa b/c of AIDS
- 500,000 casualties in US since 1981
- >1 million currently living with in USA
- 40,000 new infections every year
- 50% new diagnoses AA
- highest rates in LA, GA, FL, NY
- latent period
301
Where did AIDS come from?
- natural zoonic disease
302
Monkeys found w/ similar immunodeficiency
- SIV- simian immunodeficiency virus
- naturally in manabeys and vervet --> harmless in them
- infectious in others (SAIDS)
303
How AIDS was thought to be passed to humans
Virus in monkeys --> crossed over to chimps --> people hunted chimps --> got AIDS
- mutated in US & Europe when spread
304
Males carry baby for protection
Some Gibraltor macaques
