Exam 3 Flashcards
(128 cards)
1
Q
Acacia Tree and Acacia Ants
A
(mutualistic)
tree provides shelter and food
ant defends tree
2
Q
Plants and Wasp
A
(mutualistic)
Herbivore attacks damages leaves
Release chemical that attract wasp
Lay eggs in herbivore to kill
3
Q
Ethylene
A
C2H4
hormone released for fruit ripening
4
Q
Genetic Engineering
A
direct manipulation of a genome using biotechnology
creates transgenic organsim
5
Q
Genetically Engineered Tomato
A
transcribed to mRNA and prevents tRNA, which means no ethylene production, no ripening
- later picked and ethylene is added
6
Q
Animal Traits
A
- heterotroph
- multicellular
- no cell wall
- active movement
- sexual reproduction
- have embryonic development and tissue (group of cells that work together
7
Q
Radial Symmetry
A
any line through middle creates symmetrical halves
8
Q
Bilateral Symmetry
A
one plane creates symmetry
9
Q
Four anatomical sides
A
Anterior- head
Posterior- tail/rear
Dorsal- back
Ventral- front
10
Q
3 Layers of Cells in Animals with Tube Body
A
Ectoderm- exterior layer (skin, NS)
Mesoderm- middle layer (skeleton, muscles)
Endoderm- interior layer (intestine)
11
Q
3 Body Plans in Animals with Tube Body
A
Acoelomate- no coelom
Pseudocoelomate- cavity between mesoderm and endoderm
Coelomate- has a true coelom
12
Q
Coelom
A
body cavity within mesoderm
13
Q
Protosomes
A
blastoform becomes mouth during development
14
Q
Deuterostomes
A
blastofrom becomes anus during development
15
Q
Colonial Flagellate Hypothesis
A
proposed explanation of evolution of animals from protist
- colonial protists that performed a hollow space evolved in a genetic program for multicellularity
16
Q
Evidence for Colonial Flagellate Hypothesis
A
- many sponges resemble colonial protists
- DNA sequencing shows that animals are most closely related to protists
17
Q
Parazoa (Phylum)
A
animals without specialized tissues
18
Q
Poritera (Sponges) (symmetry, body type, function)
A
- lack symmetry
- sac body
- strengthened though secreted proteins and minerals
- water enters and exits through osculum
19
Q
Choanocytes
A
- no nervous system but pores close in response to stimuli
- Reproduction: sexual and asexual
20
Q
Functions of Choanocytes
A
cells that propel water throughout the sponge and capture food particles
line wall of inner sponge
21
Q
Eumetazoa
A
animals with specialized tissue
22
Q
Cnidarians (Phylum) (Body shape and Symmetry)
A
- radial body symmetry
- sac body
23
Q
Cnidarians transmit sensory information by?
A
latticework of nerve cells, no CNS
24
Q
Nematocysts
A
used by the cnidarians top capture prey through a paralyzing venom
25
Polyp Body From
Cylindrical
| Doesn't move
26
Medusa Body Form
umbrella shape
| does move
27
Hydrostatic Skeleton
fluid in body provides rigidity
28
How do polyps help coral
produce a mineral exoskeleton
29
Where do coral reefs exist
where nutrients in water are scarce
30
Coral Reef and Protist Symbiosis
mutualistic, obligate
| protist provides energy, coral provides protection since there is not any nutrients in the water where the reef is
31
Coral Reefs are Threatened How
sensitive to changes in water temp and pH
| Global warming is effecting it
32
GFP
green fluorescent protein
| makes it easy to track protein expression
33
Bilateral Flatworms Traits (phylum)
Bilateral Symmetry
Tube Body Plan
Acoelomate
Complex system of cells
34
Flatworm Nervous System
no brain but a centralized ganglia of nerve cells
35
Flatworm Reproductive System
hermaphroditic
36
Flatworm Circulatory System
no blood flow
37
Flatworm Eyes
only see black and white
38
Why are schistous of interest to humans
cause schistosomiasis
| - damaging of internal organs (children)
39
Why are tapeworms of interest to humans
attach to intestines absorb nutrients
40
Mollusks body feature
mantle- thick epidermal sheet that covers body, can make a shell
41
Radula
rasping tongue used for feeding (chainsaw)
42
Open Circulatory System
hemolymph instead of blood
| fills coelemic cavity, pumped by heart
43
Chitons (class under Mollusks)
Marine
Covered by hard plates (part of the mantle)
Mostly herbivores
Has radula (chainsaw)
44
Gastropods (class under Mollusks)
snails and slugs
| aquatic and land
45
Torsion
during development of body plan where anus is anterior instead of posterior
46
Bivalves (class under Mollucks)
clams, mussels, oysters
aquatic
mud burrowers using foot
filter feeders
47
Cephalopods (class under Mollusks)
octipi, squid, nautiluses(have shell)
marine predators
modified foot is several arms (hooks or suction)
move by expelling water from mantle
48
Vampire squid (example of cephalopod)
spined tentacles
feed on detritus in low O2 environment
uses bioluminescent to evade predators
49
Annelids (phylum) (segmented worms)
- terrestrial or aquatic
- each segment has own muscle, ganglion, reproductive organs
- coelem froms hydrostatic skeleton
- closed circulatory system
50
Clitellata (class for Annelids)
earthworms and leaches
| -remember by clitellum
51
Clitellum
part of worm reproductive system
harbors and deposited sperm and eggs
cocoon
52
Nematodes (phylum under Annelids)
roundworms
- pseudocoelomates
- tubular digestive system
53
Trichenella Worm (nematode)
causes trichinosis
| -larvae hatch in stomach, burrow into intestine, brain nutrients, migrate to muscle, heart, brain
54
Model Organisms
organism used to study processes that occur in humans
55
C. Elegans model organisms (nematode)
every cell accounted for
| simple and easy to work with
56
Forward Genetics
mutate worms randomly and look for a specific phenotype, identify gene linked to mutation
57
Reverse Genetics
disrupt gene and observe phenotype
58
Arthropods (phylum) segmented body
```
functional units:
head
thorax
abdomen
-cephalothorax and abdomen
```
59
Arthropods skeleton
exoskeleton- made of chitin and protein
| outer shell that weighs a lot, must molt to grow
60
Arthropod joint appendages
better control of movement, different modified forms
61
Arthropod open circulatory system
no blood, filled with hemolymph
62
Arthropod nervous system
motor functions controlled by ganglia
63
Arthropod respiratory system
```
trachae- small, branched ducts
-allows air to diffuse to cells
-Gills- in aquatic arthropods
or
-Book lungs- leaf life plates increase surface area for gas exchange
```
64
Chelicerata (subphylum of Arthropod)
spiders, scorpions, ticks, horseshoe crab
| -have 2 segments: cephalothorax and abdomen
65
Spiders (chelicerata)
predator of insects
all have poison
web is liquid protein
66
Ticks (parasitic) (chelicerata)
transmit disease
67
Crustacea (subphylum of Arthropod)
crabs, shrimps, crawfish
- most have gills
- roly poly is terrestrial
68
Hexapoda (subphylum of Arthropod)
"8 feet"
beetles, flies, grasshoppers
-3 segmented body
-have compound eyes
-mouthparts modified for different functions
-Complete(butterfly)/ simple(roach) metamorphosis
69
Myriapoda (subphylum of Arthropod)
"many feet"
- centipedes and millipedes
- numerous repeating segments(1 or 2 legs per segment)
70
Echinoderms (phylum)
- starfish, sea urchin, sea cucumber
| - body symmetry pentoradial(adult) and bilateral(larvae)
71
Echinoderm Nervous System
ring that branches out, no brain
72
Echinoderm Skeleton
endoskeleton, calcium carbonate for hardness
| -flexible collagen allows for movement
73
Echinoderm Reproductive System
sexual
74
Chordates (phylum)
domain- eukarya
kingdom- animalia
phylum- chordata
75
4 Characteristics of Chordates
1) Single hollow nerve chord
2) Flexible notochord
3) Pharyngeal slits/ pouches
4) Postnatal Tail
76
Apparent or not apparent features of chordates
may be lost during development but are present in embryo
77
Nonvertebrates
subphyla of chordata that do not have a skeleton
78
Lancelets (subphylum)
marine, fish like
no bones, scales, head, brain
nonvertebrates
79
Tunicates (subphylum)
nonvertebrates
sea peach
develop and lose most of its features
80
Vertebra (subphylum)
spinal column
well defined head
internal organs
endoskeleton
81
Fishes (group)
jaws and impaired hinges
internal gills
closed circulatory system
nutritional deficiencies
82
Jaws and impaired hinges
gills have evolved into jaw
| hinged to jaw
83
Internal Gills
filamentous tissue, rich in blood vessels
| capture O2 from water
84
Closed Circulatory System
single blood loop cycle
| - heart to lungs, lungs to body, body to heart
85
Nutritional Deficiencies
cannot make all certain amino acids
86
Chondrichthyes (class under vertebra)
sharks and rays
87
Chondrichthyes Skeleton
made of up cartilage and calcium, strong lightweight
88
Chondrichthyes Teeth
hardened scales
| easily replaced since skin
89
Chondrichthyes Fertilization
young are born alive
90
Chondrichthyes Use of Gills
most move frequently to expose gills to fresh water
91
Boney Fishes (class under vertebra)
Ray finned and lobe finned
92
Boney Fishes Skeleton
Bone skeleton, heavier than sharks
93
Boney Fishes Swim Bladder
Helps stay afloat
| Gas enters blood stream in order to become more buoyant, release to float down
94
Boney Fishes Gills
- hard plate covers them
- muscles open and close
- breathe while staying in one place
95
Ray Finned Fishes
- most of the fish alive today
| - fins moved by muscles in body
96
Lobe Finned Fishes
- most extinct
- fins have their own muscles
- eventually evolved into arms and legs
97
Amphibians (class)
frogs, toads, salamanders
98
Characteristics of Amphibians
limbs
oxygen acquisition
circulation
99
Amphibian Limbs
legs are the key adaptation to survive on land
100
Amphibian Oxygen Acquisition
get O2 from air instead of water
| gills are not efficient enough
101
Amphibian Cutaneous Respiration
gets O2 from skin, serves as the lungs
102
Amphibian Circulation
Double Circulatory System
- pumps deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs, then back to heart
- become oxygenated
- pump oxygenated blood to body and back to heart
103
Amphibian Partially Divided Heart
helps separate de and oxygenated blood
104
Amphibians Stay Near Water..
so their body does not dry out
105
Anura (order of amphibians)
"no tail"
frogs (aquatic) and toads (dry land)
have tadpole forms
106
Anura sequential hermaphroditism
individuals born as one sex can change to another
107
Caudata (order of amphibians)
salamanders
long, small bodies
smooth skin
108
Apoda (order of amphibians)
"no feet"
caecilians
limbless, burrowers
109
Reptiles (class)
class
110
Reptile Features
```
Amniotic Eggs
Dry Skin
Thoracic Breathing
Double Circulation
Synapsids
Ectothermic
```
111
Amniotic Eggs
Amnion encases embryo in fluid filled cap
| -allows for eggs on land
112
Dry Skin
scales cover body
113
Thoracic Breathing
efficient
move rib cage not throat
larger animals can survive
114
Double Circulation
fully divided heart
| oxygenated and deoxygenated blood completely separated
115
Synapsids
cavity in skull where jaw muscles anchor
116
Ectothermic
cold blooded
| obtain hear from outside source
117
Dinosaurs Extinction Theory
all 5 orders extinct
| meteor impact created atmosphere changes and cooling temps killing dinosaurs
118
Chelonia (order of reptiles)
tortoises and turtes
chel sounds like shell
protective shell
119
Rhynchocephalia (order of reptiles)
tuataras
| parietal eye on head
120
Squamata (order of reptiles)
snakes and lizard
| limbless and regenerate limbs
121
Crocodylia (order of reptiles)
crocodiles and alligators
| carnivorous and aquatic
122
Aves (class)
birds
123
Evolutionary Innovations of Birds
feathers
skeleton bonds
breathing
internal Temperatures
124
Feathers
modified scales aid in flight an insulation
125
Skeleton Bonds (birds)
thin, hollow bonds
weak
aid in flight
126
Breathing (birds)
air sacs
| constant flow of air through lungs
127
Internal Temperatures (birds)
double circulatory system
| Endothermic "warm blooded"
128
Birds share with reptiles...
ambiotic eggs
have scales
they evolved from reptiles
