Exam 4 Flashcards
(133 cards)
1
Q
Mammalian Features
A
Hair Mammary Gland Endothermy Fully Divided Heart Live Birth Placenta
2
Q
Hair
A
keratin
insulation, camo, sensory
3
Q
Mammary Gland
A
Secrete milk to nurture growth
4
Q
Endothermy
A
have internal heat
5
Q
Live Birth
A
self explanatory
6
Q
Fully Divided Heart
A
4 Chambers
7
Q
Placenta
A
bloodstream that goes to fetus
exchanges O2, nutrients, waste
8
Q
How do mammals digest cellulose in plants?
A
have a mutualistic symbiotic relationship with bacteria
9
Q
What are Hooves made of?
A
keratin
10
Q
What are Horns made of?
A
bone
11
Q
What are Differences between Monotremes, Marsupials, and Placental Mammals?
A
- Monotremes- mammals that lay eggs
- Marsupials- live birth, short lived placenta, born small so live in pouch of mother
- Placental Mammals- placenta nourishes embryo/fetus through development
12
Q
Key Features of Primates
A
Grasping fingers and thumbs with opposable thumbs
Binocular Vision
13
Q
Binocular Vision
A
Eyes on the front of the face, better depth perception
14
Q
Key Evolutionary Points in Humans
A
Bipedalism: walk on two feet
Enlarged Brain: enable us to construct and use complex tools
15
Q
Cells
A
smallest unit of life
16
Q
Tissues
A
group of cells with similar structure and function
17
Q
Organs
A
functional group of tissues
18
Q
Organ Systems
A
groups of organs, perform a complete and major function
19
Q
Epithelium
A
covers all surfaces of the body
- inner and outer
- EX: skin and digestive tract
20
Q
Inherent Polarity
A
attached to underlying connective tissue either basal (secured to CT) or apical (free to outside)
21
Q
What are the two classes of epithelial tissue?
A
Simple
Stratisfied
22
Q
What is the difference between Simple and Stratified tissue?
A
Simple- one cell layer thick
Stratified- several cell layers thick
23
Q
What are the three subdivisions of epithelial tissue?
A
Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar
24
Q
What are the difference between Squamous, Cuboidal, and Columnar?
A
Squamous-flat
Cuboidal-as wide as they are tall
Columnar- taller than they are wide
25
What is the function of Simple Squamous tissue?
thin, permits the fusion of gases
| lines lungs and blood capillaries
26
What is the function of Simple Columnar tissue?
thick, secretion and absorption
| lines the digestive tract
27
What is the function of Stratified Squamous tissue?
multiple layers help protect
| epidermis, outer skin
28
What are the two classes of CT?
Connective Tissue Proper
| Special Connective Tissue
29
Connective Tissue Proper
function is to connect tissues together
30
Two Types of CT Proper
Loose- beneath epithelium and between organs
| Dense- cells closer together, stronger and flexible (tendons)
31
Cartilage
firm, flexible tissue
shock absorber
in joints, ears, and nose
32
Bone
bone cells are alive
| hardened by calcium phosphate
33
Blood
part of the Circulatory System
| several types
34
What are the three types of Muscle Tissue?
Smooth
Skeletal
Cardiac
35
Function of Smooth Muscle Tissue
smooth, flat
found in walls of blood vessels, stomach, and intestines
involuntary
36
Function of Skeletal Muscle Tissue
striated/striped
attached to bones by tendons
voluntary
37
Function of Cardiac Muscle Tissue
cells linked together by gap junctions, these help cells communicate
involuntary
38
The three parts of a Neuron
Axon- single, long extension from cell body
Dendrite- shorter, branched extensions from cell body
Nucleus
39
Neuroglia
protect neurons
| forms myline sheath
40
CNS
integrates and interprets info from other neurons
| Brain and Spinal Chord
41
PNS
communicates signals to CNS to the body
42
Three Different Types of Neurons
Sensory
Motor
Interneurons
43
Sensory Neuron
```
receive information (sight, sound, etc)
send to CNS
```
44
Interneurons
information between neurons
45
Motor Neurons
conduct info to muscles
46
What does the Sodium-Potassium pump accomplish?
uses energy from ATP to pump sodium out of cell and potassium into the cell
47
Resting Potential
whenever it is more positive outside of the cell and more negative inside of the cell
48
Depolarization
lowering of membrane potential
| make it less negative
49
Repolarization
return to membrane potential to resting
50
Hyperpolarization
raising membrane potential
51
Function of Ligand-Gated Ion Channel
after a specific chemical signal (ligand), binds to let specific ions in membrane
52
Function of the Voltage-Gated Ion Channel
let ions cross membrane after triggered by a nearby channel
| the wave
53
How Does the Ligand-Gated Ion Channel cause Depolarization
whenever Na is pumped out of
54
How does the Voltage-Gated Ion channel cause Depolarization
one region of the axon leads to depolarization of an adjacent region
55
What prevents the backtracking of the action potential signal
the short period of sensitivity in voltage-gated channels
56
How is an action potential propagated across a neuron
depolarization of voltage-gated ions signals the propagation
57
The 4 Phases of action potential
Resting Phase
Rising Phase
Maximum Voltage Phase
Falling Phase
58
Resting Phase
-70mV resting membrane potential
59
Rising Phase
stimulus (ligand or voltage) causes Na channels to open
60
Maximum Voltage Phase
up to 50mV
| Na channels closed
61
Falling Phase
K channels open, let K out
62
What is a Synapse?
narrow space between nerve cells
63
What are Neurotransmitters?
chemicals released by incoming action potential
64
How is an action potential transmitted from one cell to another cell?
- neurotransmitters released from presynaptic cell
- diffuse across synapse
- bind to postsynaptic cell
65
How and why are neurotransmitters cleared from the synapse?
How: degradation of enzymes or uptakes
Why: prevent constant signaling
66
What are the effects of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine?
signals to muscle cells and between neurons to start muscle contractions
67
What are the effects of the neurotransmitter dopamine?
used by the brain to control some movements
68
What is Parkinson's diseased and how is it treated?
What: degeneration of dopamine producing neurons
Treated: L-Dopa
69
What are the effects of the neurotransmitter serotonin?
sleep regulation
70
How is clinical depression sometimes treated?
treated with drugs that prevent repute at synapse
71
What are the effects of cocaine on nervous system?
prevents reuptake of dopamine
| sits in the synapse results in continued pleasure
72
What are the three sections of the brain?
Hindbrain
Midbrain
Forebrain
73
What is the function of the Pons?
sleep paralysis
74
What is the function of the Medulla Oblongata?
involuntary functions
| Ex: breathing and BP
75
What is the function of the Midbrain?
temperature regulation
| vision and hearing
76
What is the function of the Cerebrum?
speech, learning, memory, synthesis of sensory info, voluntary functions
77
What are the two types of receptors based on location?
Exteroreceptors- sense stimuli from an external source
| Interoreceptors- sense stimuli from inside the body
78
What are the three types of receptors based on how they are stimulated?
Mechanoreceptors- force or pressure
Chemoreceptors- chemicals or chemical change
Electromagnetic- heat from light rays
79
What is the series of events that leads from a stimulus to perceiving the stimulus in the brain?
1: Stimulus
2: Transduction- stimulus converted to action potential
3: Transmission- movement of action potential
4: Interception: CNS makes sense of signals
80
What are cutaneous receptors?
"under skin"
| sense heat, pain, cold, touch/pressure
81
How do cutaneous mechanoreceptors respond to touch/pressure?
...
82
What signals can thermoreceptors respond to?
repsond to changes in temperature
83
What is the function of proprioceptors?
detect tension in muscles
84
What is the function of baroreceptors?
monitor BP
85
What is the series of events that lead from a sound wave outside the body to an action potential that reaches the brain?
1: Sound waves through outer ear to ear canal
2: Vibrations hit tympanic membrane-cause movement in three bones
3: Bones Vibrate against oval window
4: Vibrations cause pressure waves in cochlear fluid
5: Bending begins depolarization of these hair cells
86
What structures are of the ear are involved in the sound wave process?
step 3: cochlea (bone structure)
step 4: pressure bends cilia on hair cells
step 5: starts action potential relayed to brain
87
How are some animals hearing different from ours?
some can hear a greater range of frequencies
use sound to judge distance
-echolocation, use clicks
88
What kind of receptors are responsible for our taste and smell?
chemoreceptors
89
How do fish taste?
have tasting chemoreceptors all over body
90
How does the sense of taste function differently in some arthropods and fish?
Arthropods have tasting chemoreceptors in hairs on legs
91
How does our sense of smell differ from our sense of taste?
taste: chemoreceptors in taste buds
smell: olfactory neurons use cilia to trap inhaled particles, directly linked to brain by long axon
92
What is the function of chemoreceptors that are also interoreceptors?
in heart and brain to sense pH of blood and cerebral fluid
93
What do photoreceptors detect?
a type of electromagnetic receptor to detect light
94
What is the function of the lens of the eye?
focus light
95
What is the function of the ciliary muscle in the eye?
change the shape of the lens to see near of far
96
What are the differences between inner and outer segments of photoreceptor-containing cell?
Inner: mitochondria, nucleus, synapse
Outer: stacks of pigment discs
97
What are the differences between rod cells and cone cells?
Rod: black and white distinction only
more sensitive bc more discs
Cone: color distinction
3 colors-red,blue,green
98
How do pit vipers sense infrared radiation?
IR Radiation in pit organs
| active thermoreceptors
99
What is the function of sensing magnetic fields in migratory birds?
poorly understood organisms
| used in migration
100
Color Blindness
lack of one or more of the colors: red, blue, green
101
What are the three types of skeleton?
Hydrostatic
Exoskeleton
Endoskeleton
102
Hydrostatic
fluid filled cavity that uses hydrostatic pressure to provide rigidity
EX: earthworms inching
103
Exoskeleton
rigid case around body
protection
molt to grow
104
Endoskeleton
internal skeleton
| hardened by calcium phosphate
105
Similarities in these skeletons
Exo and Endo both have muscle attachment points
106
Range of Ball and Socket Joint
universal movement, all directions
| Ex: Shoulder, Hip
107
Range of Hinge Joints
two opposite directions
| Ex: Knee, Elbow
108
Range of Gliding Joints
slide along one another
| Ex: vertebrae
109
Range of Combination Joints
2 or more joint type movements together
| Ex: Jaw- hinge and gliding
110
What are the two filaments that make up muscle fibers?
Actin (thin) and Myosin (thick)
111
Actin
froms polymer
112
Myosin
elongated protein with a distinct head
113
What occurs at the process of muscle contraction?
1) ATP binds to myosin head, breaks cross bridge (holds actin and myosin together)
2) Energy from ATP used to charge myosin
3) Myosin binds actin, form cross bridge
4) Power Stroke
- myosin moves the actin
- myosin is charged to non-energized state
- ADP and Phosphate are released
114
Why is Gas Exchange required?
obtain O2, release CO2
115
How do Single-Celled Organisms perform gas exchange?
directly through cell membrane
116
Amphibian Gas Exchange
cutaneous respiration
| blood vessels near skin allow for passive gas exchange
117
Echinoderms Gas Exchange
have direct gas exchange from cells
| Increase Surface Area by protruding structures
118
Insect Gas Exchange
trachea allow for direct exchange from cells
| Increase Surface Area through branches
119
Fish Gas Exchange
blood vessels in gills exchange gas with surrounding water
| Increase Surface Area through gill filaments
120
Mammal Gas Exchange
lungs
exchange of gas through bloodstream
Increase Surface Area through alveoli
121
What feature is shared among the systems fro most of these group of organisms?
Increase of surface area and gas exchange
122
What does counter-current flow mean?
blood vessels in gills flow opposite direction of the water
123
Why do fish obtain oxygen from water in this way? (counter-current flow)
-water hits the gills (highest O2)
-blood in this part of the gills (highest O2)
- but it is less O2 in water, so it can diffuse from water to blood
-water loses O2 when passes over gills
-water at end of gills has lowest O2 level
-blood in this part of the gill is at lowest O2 level
but still less than water for diffusion
124
What does negative pressure breathing mean?
1) Inhalation- increase T.C
2) Gas Exchange- blood takes O2, release CO2 through lungs
3) Exhalation- decrease T.C
125
Inhalation
increase size of the thoracic cavity
decreases pressure of thoracic cavity
(air moves from higher pressure to lower)
126
Gas Exchange
in lungs,
bloodstream takes O2
releases CO2
127
What is the diaphragm?
muscle
| separates thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity
128
What is the thoracic cavity?
chest, lungs, diaphragm
129
What are bronci?
tubes that connect alveolar sacs
130
What are alveolar sacs?
contain alveoli
131
What are the alveoli?
increase surface area of alveolar sacs
132
How is CO2 transported through the body?
dissolves in the bloodstream
133
How is O2 transported throughout the body?
Hemoglobin- protein inside of red blood cells that use iron to carry O2
