Exam 3 Flashcards
(218 cards)
1
Q
What are the three parts that make up the lymphatic system?
A
- Network of lymphatics
- Lymph-fluid in the vessels
- Lymph nodes- cleanse the lymph
2
Q
What is the function of lymphoid organs and tissues?
A
To provide structural basis of immune system
And to house phagocytic cells and lymphocytes
3
Q
When does fluid become lymph?
A
Ince the interstitial fluid enters lymphatics
4
Q
What direction does lymph flow?
A
One-way toward the heart
5
Q
What are all the different types of lymphatics?
A
Lymphatic capillaries
Collecting lymphatic vessels
Lymphatic trunks and ducts
6
Q
In what way are lymphatic capillaries different from blood capillaries?
A
Lymphatic capillaries are very permeable and take up proteins, cell debris, and cancer cells
7
Q
What are two more ways in which lymphatic capillaries differ from blood vessels.
A
Endothelial cells overlap loosely to form one-way mini valves.
They are anchored by collagen filaments, preventing collapse of capillaries
8
Q
How do pathogens travel throughout the body?
A
Via lymphatics
9
Q
Where are lymphatics absent from?
A
Bones, teeth, bone marrow, and CNS
10
Q
What are lacteals?
A
Specialized lymph capillaries present in intestinal mucosa that absorb digested fat and deliver fatty lymph (chyle) to the blood.
11
Q
How are lymphatic collecting vessels different from veins?
A
Have thinner walls with more internal valves
They anastomose more frequently.
12
Q
Where do collecting vessels in skin travel?
A
With superficial veins
13
Q
Where do deep collecting vessels travel?
A
With deep arteries
14
Q
Where do collecting vessels receive their nutrients?
A
From branching vasa vasorum
15
Q
What are lymphatic trunks? Can you name all 5?
A
They are formed by union of largest collecting ducts. Include: paired lumbar, paired bronchomediastinal, paired subclavian, paired jugular, and single intestinal trunk.
16
Q
What does the right lymphatic duct drain?
A
The right upper arm and right side of head and thorax
17
Q
From where does the thoracic duct arise and what does it drain?
A
Arises from cisterna chyli and it drains the rest of the body
18
Q
Where do the two large lymphatic ducts empty lymph?
A
Into venous circulation at junction of internal jugular and subclavian veins on its own side of the body.
19
Q
In what 5 ways is lymph propelled through the body for transport?
A
- “milking” action of skeletal muscle
- pressure changes in thorax during breathing
- valves to prevent backflow
- pulsations of nearby arteries
- contractions of smooth muscles in walls of lymphatics
20
Q
What are the main “warriors” of the immune system and from where do they arise?
A
Lymphocytes arise in red bone marrow
21
Q
Lymphocytes mature into one of what two main varieties?
A
T cells or B cells
22
Q
What is the name of objects that the body perceives as foreign that T and B cells protect against?
A
Antigens
23
Q
What are the two main functions of T cells?
A
- manage immune response
- attack and destroy infected cells
24
Q
What is the main product produced by Bcells?
A
Plasma cells
25
What do plasma cells secrete? What is the function of this secretion?
Secrete antibodies which mark antigens for destruction by phagocytosis or other means.
26
What is the primary function of the lymphatic system?
To return fluids that leaked from blood vessels back to the blood stream
27
What are the main functions of each of the following:
Macrophages
Dendritic cells
Reticular cells
Macrophages phagocytize foreign substances and help activate T cells
Dendritic cells capture antigens and deliver then to lymph nodes
Reticular cells produce reticular fiber stroma that supports other cells in lymphoid organs
28
What are the two main functions of lymphoid tissue?
To house and provide proliferation sites for lymphocytes
And to provide surveillance vantage point for lymphocytes and macrophages.
29
What type of connective tissue is lymphoid tissue mainly composed of?
Reticular connective tissue
30
What are the two main types of lymphoid tissue?
Diffuse lymphoid tissue and lymphoid follicles
31
What are lymphoid follicles or nodules?
Solid, spherical bodies of tightly packed lymphoid cells and reticular fibers
They are germinal centers of proliferating B cells
Part of larger lymphoid organs
Isolated aggregations of peyers patches and in appendix
32
What are lymph nodes?
Principal lymphoid organs of body
33
Where are lymph nodes found in clusters?
They are embedded in connective tissue in clusters along lymphatic vessels
34
Where are lymph nodes found near body surface?
In inguinal, axillary, and cervical regions of body.
35
What are the functions of lymph nodes?
1. Filter lymph
| 2. Immune system activation
36
What is the most common shape of lymph nodes?
Bean shaped
37
What is the structure found surrounding lymph nodes?
External fibrous capsule
38
What divides lymph nodes into compartments?
Trabeculae
39
What are the two histologically distinct regions of lymph nodes?
Cortex and medulla
40
What are the components of the lymph node cortex?
Follicles with germinal centers, heavy with dividing B cells
41
What type of cells nearly encapsulate follicles in lymph nodes?
Dendritic cells
42
Where are T-cells in transit housed?
Deep cortex
43
Where and how do T cells circulate?
Continuously among blood, lymph nodes, and lymph
44
Where do medullary cords of lymph nodes extend?
| What do medullary cords contain?
Extend inward from the cortex
| Contain Bcells, Tcells, and Plasma cells
45
Describe the path that lymph takes when circulating through the body.
Enters convex side via afferent lymphatic vessels
Travels through large subcapsular sinus and smaller sinuses to medullary sinuses
Exits concave side at hilum via efferent vessels
46
What allows lymphocytes and macrophages time to function?
Somewhat stagnant flow caused by fewer efferent vessels
47
What is the largest lymphoid organ?
The spleen
48
Where do the splentic artery and vein enter and exit?
At the hilium
49
What are the functions of the spleen?
Functions as the site of lymphocytic proliferation and immune surveillance and response
Cleanses the blood of aged cells and platelets, macrophages remove debris
50
What are some additional functions of the spleen?
Stores breakdown products of RBCs for later reuse
| Stores blood platelets and monocytes
51
What is the possible site of fetal erythrocyte production?
The spleen
52
What is the structure and components of the spleen?
Encased by fibrous capsule
Has trabeculae
Contains lymphocytes, macrophages, and large numbers of erythrocytes
53
What are the two distinct areas of the spleen?
White pulp and red pulp
54
Where is white pulp found? What is it?
Located around central arteries
| Mostly lymphocytes on reticular fibers
55
Where is red pulp found? What are its components?
Found in venous sinuses and splenic cords
| Rich in RBCs and macrophages and composed of splenic cords and sinusoids
56
Where is the thymus located?
Found in inferior neck; extends into mediastinum; partially overlies heart
57
What do thymic lobules contain?
Outer cortex and inner medulla
58
What type of cell are most thymic cells composed of?
Lymphocytes
59
What does the cortex of thymic cells contain?
Rapidly dividing lymphocytes and scattered macrophages
60
What does the thymic medulla contain?
Fewer lymphocytes and thymic corpuscles involved in regulatory Tcell development
61
In what ways does the thymus differ frim other lymphoid organs?
Has no follicles because it lacks B cells
| Does not directly fight antigens (functions strictly in T lymphocyte maturation)
62
What do the stroma of epithelial cells provide?
Provide an enviornment in which T lymphocytes become immunocompetent
63
What is the importance of Mucosa-associated Lymphoid Tissue?
Protects from pathogens trying to enter body
64
Where are the largest collections of MALT found?
Tonsils
Peyer's patches
Appendix
65
What is the simplest lymphoid organ?
Tonsils
66
What forms ring of lymphatic tissue around the pharynx?
Tonsils
67
What are the four major tonsils and their locations?
Palatine tonsil- posterior end of pharynx
Lingual tonsil- grouped at base of tongue
Pharyngeal tonsil- posterior wall of nasopharynx
Tubal tonsils- surrounding openings of auditory tubes into pharynx
68
What is the primary function of tonsils?
Gather and remove pathogens in food and air.
69
What is the structure and components of tonsils?
Contain follicles with germinal centers
Are not fully encapsulated
70
From where do overlying epithelium invaginate tonsils?
Tonsillar crypts
71
What are the functions of tonsillar crypts?
Trap and destroy bacteria and particulate matter
Allow immune cells to build memory for pathogens
72
What are Peyer's patches?
Clusters of lymphoid follicles in the wall of distal portion of small intestine (similar structures in appendix)
73
What do peyer's patches in the appendix do?
Destroy bacteria preventing them from breaching intestinal wall
Generate "memory" lymphocytes
74
What are the two intrinsic systems of immunity?
1. Innate (nonspecific) defense system
| 2. Adaptive (specific) defense system
75
What are the two lines of defense in the innate defense system?
First- external body membranes
| Second- antimicrobial proteins, phagocytes, other cells
76
What is the most important mechanism of the secondary innate defense system?
Inflammation
77
The third line of defense is apart of the adaptive system, what is it's purpose?
To attack particular foreign substances
78
How do skin, mucous membranes and their secretions ward off invading pathogens?
Keratin resistant to weak acids and bases, bacterial enzymes, and toxins
Mucosae provide similar mechanical barriers
79
What are some protective chemicals found in surface barriers that inhibit or destroy microorganisms?
Acidity of skin secretions
Enzymes of saliva, respiratory mucous, and lacrimal fluid
Defensins (antimicrobial peptides)
80
What are some respiratory system modifications that aid surface barriers?
Mucous coated nose hairs
Cilia of upper respiratory tract sweep dust and bacteria-laden mucous toward mouth
81
What internal defenses are necessary if microorganisms invade deeper tissue?
```
Phagocytes
Natural killer cells
Antimicrobial proteins
Fever
Inflammatory response
```
82
What are the two types of phagocytes in the immune system?
Neutrophils and macrophages
83
What is the most abundant type of phagocyte? At what point do these particular cells become phagocytic?
Neutrophils become phagocytic on exposure to infectious material.
84
Which phagocytes develop from monocytes and is the cheif phagocytic cell?
Macrophages
85
Where are free and fixed microphages found?
Free- wander through tissue spaces
Fixed- permanent residents of some organs (kupffer cells in liver and microglia in brain)
86
What is the first step in the mechanism of phagocytosis?
Phagocyte must adhere to particle.
87
What process marks pathogens by coating them with complement proteins and antibodies so that they adhere to a phagocyte?
Opsonization
88
What is the 2nd step in the mechanism of phagocytosis?
Cytoplasmic extensions bind to and engulf particle in vesicle called phagosome
89
What is the 3rd step in phagocytosis?
Phagosome fuses with lysosome becoming a phagolysosome
90
What is the 4th step in phagocytosis?
Pathogens are killed by acidifying and digesting with lysosomal enzymes
91
What is the 5th step in phagocytosis?
Helper T cells cause release of enzymes of respiratory burst which kill pathogens resistant to lysosomal enzymes.
92
How do helper T cells kill enzymes resistant to lysosomal enzymes?
By releasing cell-killing free radicals
By producing oxidizing chemicals
By increasing pH and osmolarity of phagolysosomes
93
What is the final step in phagocytosis?
Defensins in neutrophils pierce membrane
94
What are natural killer cells?
Nonphagocytic large granular lymphocytes
95
What is the function of natural killer cells?
- Attack cells that lack "self" cell-surface receptors
- induce apoptosis in cancer cells and virus infected tests
And secrete potent chemicals that enhance inflammatory response
96
What is the function of inflammatory response?
Prevent spread of damaging agents
Dispose of cell debris and pathogens
Alert adaptive immune system
Sets stage for repair
97
What does inflammatory response begin with?
Chemicals released into ECF by injured tissues, immune cells, blood proteins
98
What cells bear Toll-like receptors (TRL's)?
Macrophages and epithelial cells of boundary tissues
99
How many types of TRLs recognize specific classes of infecting microbes?
11
100
What do Activated TRLs release that promotes inflammation?
Cytokines
101
What are some inflammatory mediators?
Kinins
Prostaglandins
And their complements
102
What are the functions of inflammatory mediators?
Dilate local arterioles (hyperemia)
Make capillaries leaky
Attract leukocytes to the area
103
What is an edema?
Local swelling caused by fluids containing clotting factors and antibodies.
104
How does an edema cause pain? Are there other factors that cause pain during inflammatory response?
Swelling pushes in nerve endings causing pain.
Bacterial toxins, prostaglandins, and kinins can also cause pain
105
What cells lead phagocyte mobilization?
Neutrophils lead and macrophages follow
106
When do macrophages arrive at site of infection?
12 hrs after leaving bloodstream.
| Replace dying neutrophils and remain for cleanup.
107
What are the four steps of phagocyte mobilization?
1. Leukocytosis
2. Margination
3. Diapedesis
4. Chemotaxis
108
What is leukocytosis?
First step of phagocyte mobilization
Release of neutrophils from bone marrow in response to leukocytosis inducing factors from injured cells
109
What is margination?
2nd step in phagocyte mobilization
Neutrophils cling to walls of capillaries in inflamed area in response to CAMs
110
What is diapedesis?
3rd step in phagocyte mobilization
Passage of neutrophils through capillary walls
111
What is chemotaxis?
4th and final step of phagocyte mobilization
Inflammatory chemicals promote positive chemotaxis of neutrophils
112
What are antimicrobial proteins and what is their function?
Interferons and complement proteins
They attack microorganisms directly and hinder microbial reproduction
113
How do alpha and beta interferons work?
Enter neighboring cells, produce proteins that block viral reproduction and degrade viral RNA
Also activate NK cells
114
What is IFN (interferon) gamma?
Immune interferon that is secreted by lymphocytes
Has widespread immune mobilizing effects.
And activates microphages
115
What do artificial IFNs treat?
Hepatitis C
Genital warts
MS
Hairy cell leukemia
116
How are complement cells classified?
C1-C9, factors B, D, and P and regulatory proteins
117
How does the complement system work?
Unleashes inflammatory chemicals that amplify all aspects of inflammatory response
Kills bacteria and certain other cell types by lysis
Enhances both innate and adaptive defenses
118
When does cell lysis begin?
When C3b binds to target cell inserting complement proteins (MAC) into the cell's membrane.
119
What is the function of MAC?
Forms and stabilizes hole in membrane leading to influx of water causing cell lysis.
120
What is the importance of C3a?
Amplifies inflammation by stimulating mast cells and basophils to release histamines and attracts neutrophils and other inflammatory cells
121
What causes fever?
Secretion of pyrogens that act on body's thermostat in hypothalamus
122
What are the functions of the adaptive immune system (specific defense)?
- protects against infectious agents and abnormal body cells
- amplifies inflammatory response
- activates compliment
123
What immune system has memory?
Adaptive
124
What are the two separate overlapping arms of the adaptive immune system?
Humoral (antibody-mediated)
Cellular( cell-mediated)
125
What is humoral immunity? What is it's mechanism of action?
Antibodies circulating freely in body fluids
Bind temporarily to target cell to temporarily inactivate and mark for destruction by phagocytes or complement.
126
How does cellular immunity directly and indirectly act against target cells?
Directly- by killing infected cells
Indirectly- by releasing chemicals that enhance inflammatory response or by activating other lymphocytes or macrophages.
127
What are some important functional properties of complete antigens?
Immunogenicity- ability to stimulate proliferation of specific lymphocytes
Reactivity- ability to react with activated lymphocytes and antibodies released by immunogenic reactions.
128
What parts of an antigen are immunogenic?
Antigenic determinants (epitopes)
129
What are protein molecules on surface of cells that are not antigenic to self but are to others in transfusions or grafts?
Self-antigens
130
What are the three types of cells of the adaptive immune system?
B cells
T cells
Antigen presenting cells (APCs)
131
What are the five general steps in lymphocyte development, maturation and activation?
```
Origin
Maturation
Seeding secondary lymphoid organs and circulation
Antigen encounter and activation
Proliferation and differentiation
```
132
Where do B and T cells mature?
B in bone marrow
| T in thymus
133
The ability for a lymphocyte to recognize one specific antigen by binding to it is called?
Immunocopetence
134
At what point do B and T cells display unique receptors on their surfaces?
When they achieve maturity
135
What is self-tolerance?
Lymphocytes are unresponsive to their own antigens.
136
Under what conditions do T cells mature?
Under negative and positive pressures (tests)
137
What does positive selection select for?
Selects T cells capable of recognizing self-MHC proteins
138
What does negative selection ensure and prompt?
Prompts apoptosis of Tcells that bind to self-antigens displayed by self-MHC
Ensures self-tolerance
139
When are B cells positively selected? Those that aren't?
Selected if they successively make antigen receptors
If not then they are eliminated by apoptosis (clonal deletion)
140
What is the term used to describe immunocompetent B and T cells not yet exposed to an antigen?
Naive
141
What increases the chance of B and T cells to encounter an antigen?
Seeding secondary lymphoid organs
142
What engulfs antigens, and presents fragments of antigens to T cells for recognition?
Antigen- presenting cells (APC's)
143
What are the three major types of of APCs?
Dendritic cells in connective tissues and epidermis
Macrophages in connective tissues and lymphoid organs
B cells
144
What are the most effective antigen presenter known and the key link between innate and adaptive immunity?
Dendritic cells
145
What type of cells do not active naive T cells and they present antigens to helper T cell to assist their own activation?
B lymphocytes (cells)
146
Summarize adaptive immunity!
- what it uses
- what it depends on
- uses lymphocytes, APC's, and specific molecules to identify and destroy nonself substances
- depends on ability of its cells recognize antigens by binding to them and communicate with one another so that whole system mounts specific response
147
What cells do CD4 cells usually become?
Mostly helper T-cells
Some become regulatory T cells
Few can become memory T cells
148
What cells do CD8 cells become? Their function?
Cytotoxic T cells
Some can also be memory T cells
Destroy cells harboring foreign antigens
149
Which are ACTIVATED T cells?
Helper, cytotoxic, and regulatory
150
Which cells are termed naive?
CD4 and CD8
151
What cells respond only to processed fragments of antigens displayed on surfaces of cells?
T cells
152
What is antigen presentation vital for?
Activation of t cells and normal functioning of effector t cells
153
What are the two types of MHC proteins important to T cell activation?
What cells display them?
Where are they synthesized?
Class I - displayed by all cells except RBCs
Class II - displayed by APCs
Synthesized at ER
154
What is an endogenous antigen?
Binds to fragment of protein synthesized in the cell (self-antigen in normal cell)
155
What is crucial for CD8 cell activation?
Class 1 MHC protein
156
Which class informs cytotoxic t cells of hiding microorganisms?
Class 1
157
What class is associated with exogenous antigens that have been engulfed and broken down in a phagolysome?
Class 2
158
What class is recognized by helper T cells?
Class 2
159
What class signals CD4 cells that help is needed?
Class 2
160
How do APCs get endogenous antigens from another cell and display them on class 1 MHCs?
Dendritic cells engulf dying virus infected tumor cells or import antigens via temporary gap junctions with infected cells then display both class 1 and 2 MHCs
161
Once helper t cells are primed by APC presentation of antigen they:
- help activate t and b cells
- induce t and b cell proliferation
- their cytokines recruit other immune cells
162
Is there still an immune response without helper t cells?
NO!
163
What is the role of cytotoxic t cells?
Circulate in blood and lymph and lymphoid organs in search of body cells displaying antigen they recognize then directly attack and kill.
164
What is the role of regulatory t cells?
Dampen immune response by direct contact or inhibitory cytokines
Important in preventing autoimmune reactions
165
What happens to most clone cells? Less frequently?
Become plasma cells
Those that dont become memory cells.
166
What is primary immune response?
Cell proliferation and differentiation upon first antigen exposure
Lag period 3-6 days
Peak levels of plasma antibody are reached in 10 days
Antibody levels then decline
167
What is secondary immune response?
Re-exposure to same antigen gives faster, more prolonged, more effective response
- sensitized mem cells respond within hrs
- antibody levels peak in 2-3 days @ higher levels
- antibodies bind stronger
- levels can remain high for long periods
168
How are antibodies grouped?
Into one of 5 Ig classes
169
Describe the structure of antibodies
T or y-shaped antibody monomer of four looping polypeptide chains linked by disulfide bonds
Two identical heavy chains with hinge region at middle
Two identical light chains
Variable regions at one end of each arm combine to form two identical antigen binding sites
Constant regions of stem
170
What is the importance if constant (C) regions?
Determine antibody class
Serve common functions of all antibodies by dictating cells and chemicals that the antibody can bind and how antibody class functions to eliminate antigens
171
Describe the IgM class of antibodies
- pentamer
- first released
- potent agglutinating agent
- readily fixes and activates compliment
172
Describe IgA class
Monomer or dimer
In mucous and other secretions
Helps prevent entry of pathogens
173
Describe IgD class
Monomer attached to surface of B cells
Functions as B cell receptor
174
Describe IgG class
Monomer
From secondary and late primary responses
Crosses placental barrier
175
Describe IgE class
Monomer active in some allergies and parasitic infections
Causes mast cells and basiphils to release histamine
176
Which type of cell can switch from IgM to IgG?
B cells
177
What defensive mechanisms are used by antibodies?
- neutralization and agglutination
| - precipitation and complement fixation
178
What is neutralization?
Simplest definsive mechanism
Antibodies block specific sites
Prevent antigens from binding
179
What is agglutination?
Antibodies bind same determinant in more than one cell-bound antigen
(Clumping of mismatched blood)
180
What happens in precipitation?
Souluble molecules are cross-linked
| Complexes precipitate and are subject to phagocytosis
181
What allows NK cells to recognize signs of abnormality?
Lack of class 1 MHC
Antibody coating target cell
Different surface markers of stressed cells
182
What key mechanisms do NK cells use use for killing their target cells?
Same as cytotoxic t cells
183
What are the four processes of respiration?
Pulmonary ventilation
External respiration
Transport
Internal respiration
184
What is pulmonary ventilation?
Breathing
| Movement of air into and out of lungs
185
What is external respiration?
O2 and CO2 exchange between lungs and blood.
186
What is internal respiration? What system in involved in this processes?
O2 and CO2 exchange between systemic blood vessels and tissues
Involves circulatory system
187
What is a respiratory zone?
Site of gas exchange
188
What structures are mainly involved in a respiratory zone?
Microscopic structures
| Bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli
189
What is a conducting zone?
Conduits to gas exchange sites
-cleanses, warms, and humidifies air
190
What are the parts of the external nose?
```
Nose root
Bridge
Dorsum nasi
Apex
Philtrum
Nostrils (nares)
```
191
What is the location of philtrum and nares?
Philtrum- shallow vertical groove inferior to apex
Nares- bounded laterally by alae
192
What is the anatomical location of the nasal cavity; its floor and roof, nasal septum and apertures?
Nasal cavity is located within and posterior to external nose
Divided medially by nasal septum
Posterior basal apertures open into nasal pharynx
Roof is made of ethmoid and sphenoid bones- floor is made of hard and soft palates
193
What is the nasal vestibule?
Nasal cavity superior to nostrils containing vibrissae to filter coarse particles from inspired air.
194
What are the contents of olfactory mucosa?
Olfactory epithelium
195
Describe the contents of respiratory mucosa, what structures that help warm air, and what triggers sneezing.
- pseudo-stratified ciliates columnar epithelium
- mucous and serous secretions contain lysozyme and definsins
- air warmed by plexuses of capillaries and veins
- sensory nerve endings trigger sneezing
196
What is the location and function of nasal conchae?
Superior, middle and inferior protrude medially from lateral walls
Increase mucosal area and enhance air turbulence
197
What is the nasal meatus?
Groove inferior to each conchae
198
What is the function of nasal mucosa and conchae during inhalation?
Filter, heat, moisten air
199
What is the function of nasal mucosa and conchae during exhalation?
Reclaim heat and moisture
200
What is the location and function of paranasal sinuses?
In frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones
They lighten the skull, secrete mucous, help to warm and moisten air
201
What is rhinitis? How does it occur?
Inflammation of nasal mucosa
Nasal mucosa spreads from nose to throat to the chest
Spreads to tear ducts and paranasal sinuses causing blocked sinus pathways leading to sinus headache
202
What is the location and components of pharynx?
Muscular tube from base of scull to C6 connecting nasal cavity and mouth to larynx and esophagus
Composed of skeletal muscle
203
What are the three regions of the pharynx?
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
204
What is the nasopharynx?
Components of its lining?
What structures close it during swallowing?
What structure is located on its posterior wall?
What structures drain and equalize pressure in middle ear that open into the lateral walls of the nasopharynx?
Air passageway posterior to nasal cavity
Lining- pseudostratisfied columnar epithelium
Soft palate and uvula close
Pharyngeal tonsil on posterior wall
Pharyngotympanic tubes
205
```
What is the oropharynx?
Components of lining?
Opening of oral cavity?
Structures in lateral walls of fauces?
Structures on posterior surface of tongue?
```
Passageway for food and air from level of soft palate to epiglottis
Lining- stratified squamous epithelium
Isthmus of fauces
Palatine tonsils
Lingual tonsil
206
What is the location function and components of lining of the laryngopharynx?
Passageway for food and air
Posterior to upright epiglottis extending to larynx where it becomes continuous with epiglottis
Lined with stratified squamous epithelium
207
Attachment, opening, and continues of the larynx?
Attaches to hyoid bone
Opens into laryngopharynx
Continues with trachea
208
Functions of larynx?
Provides patent airway
Routes air and food to proper channels
Voice production
209
Antibodies released by plasma cells are involved in (a) humoral immunity (b) immediate hypersensitivity reactions (c) autoimmune disorders (d) all of the above
D- all of the above
210
Which antibodies can fix complement?
IdG and IgM
211
Which antibody class is abundant in body secretions?
IgA
212
Small molecules that must combine with large proteins to become immunogenic are called?
Haptens
213
Which type of lymphocyte develops immunocompetence in the bone marrow?
B lymphocyte
214
Which is the only cells that do not directly attack target cells?
Helper t cells
215
Complement fixation promotes all of the following except (a) cell lysis
(B) inflammation (c) opsonization (d) interferon release (e) chemotaxis of neutrophils and other cells
(D) interferon release
216
Which of the following is not involved in b cell activation? (A) antigen
(B) helper t cell (c) Cytokine (d) cytotoxic t cell
(D) cytotoxic t cell
217
What are 3 antigen-presenting cells?
Dendritic cell
B cell
Macrophage
218
What are two effector cells of adaptive immunity?
Cytotoxic t cell
| Helper t cell
