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A&P 2 > Exam 3 Chapter 23 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Chapter 23 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are accesory digestive organs?

A

Teeth, tongue, gallbladder

Salivary glands, liver, pancreas

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2
Q

What are the 6 essential activities of digestion?

A 
Ingestion
Propulsion
Mechanical breakdown 
Digestion
Absorption 
Defecation
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3
Q

What are the functions of mechanoreceptors amd chemoreceptors

A

Respond to stretch, changes in osmolarity and pH, and presence of substrate and end products of digestion

Initiate reflexes that activate or inhibit digestive glands
Stimulate smooth muscle to mix and move lumen contents

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4
Q

What are the intrinsic and extrinsic controls of the digestive system

A

Short reflexes- enteric nerve plexuses respond to stimuli in GI tract
Long reflexes- respond to stimuli in or out of GI tract

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5
Q

What is peritoneal cavity?

A

Between two peritoneums

Fluid lubricates mobile organs

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6
Q

Define mesentery

A

Double layer of peritoneum
Routes for blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves
Holds organs in place, stores fat

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7
Q

Retroperitoneal organs?

A

Posterior to peritoneum

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8
Q

How is peritoneal infection localized?

A

Peritoneal coverings stick together

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9
Q

What branches of aorta serve digestive organs?

A

Hepatic, splenic, and left gastric arteries

Inferior and superior mesenteric arteries

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10
Q

Describe hepatic portal circulation

A

Drains nutrient rich blood from digestive organs

Delivers it to liver for processing

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11
Q

What are 4 layers of alimentary canal

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Serosa

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12
Q

Descibe mucosa layer and its functions

A

Lines lumen
Secretes mucus, digestive enzymes, and hormones
Absorbes end products of digestion
Protects against disease

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13
Q

What are three sublayers of mucosa

A

Epithelium
Lamina propria
Muscularis mucosae

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14
Q

Type of tissue in lamina propria?

A

Loose areolar connective tissue

Contains lymphoid follicles to defend against microorganisms

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15
Q

Type of tissue in submucosa

A

Areolar connective tissue

Contains blood and lymph vessels, lymph follicles, and submucosal nerve plexus

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16
Q

What layer is responsible for segmentation and peristalsis?

A

Muscularis externis

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17
Q

Describe serosa

A

Visceral peritoneum
- areolar connective tissue covered withmesothelium
Replaced by fibrous adeventitia in esophagus
- retroperitoneal organs have both adventitia and serosa

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18
Q

What neurons supply alimentary canal

A

Enteric neurons

Major nerve supply of GI tract

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19
Q

Functions of submucosal nerve plexus and myenteric nerve plexus

A

Sub- regulates glands and smooth muscle

Myenteric- controls Gi tract motility

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20
Q

What links enteric nervous system with cns?

A

Afferent visceral fibers

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21
Q

What is oral orifice? What is oral cavity lined with

A

Anterior opening

Lined with stratified squamous epithelium

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22
Q

Define vestibule

A

Recess internal to lips and cheeks, external to teethand gums

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23
Q

Define filiform

A

Type of papillae on tongue

Whitish, gives the tongue roughness and provides friction do mot contain taste buds

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24
Q

Define fungiform

A

Reddish- scattered over tongue, contain taste buds

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25
Circumvallate?
V-shaped row in back of tongue; contain taste buds
26
Foliate?
On lateral spects of posterior tongue; contain taste buds that function primarily in infants in children
27
Lingual lipase?
Fat digesting enzyme functional in stomach
28
What are the extrinsic salivary glands?
Parotid Submandibular Sublingual
29
Where are intrinsic salivary glands?
Scattered throughout oral cavity; augument slightly
30
Deciduous teeth? How many?
Baby teeth | 20!
31
Permanent teeth? How many?
All but third molars in by end of adolescence ( those may come in between 17-25 y/o) 32
32
Classes of teeth?
Incisors- chisel shape for cutting Canines- fanglike for tearing/ piercing Premolars (bicuspids)- grind/ crush Molars- best grinders
33
Dental formula?
Shorthand indicator of number/ position of teeth | Ratio of upper to lower teeth for 1/2 of mouth
34
Crown?
Exposed above gingiva (gum) | Covered by enamel
35
Root?
Portion embedded in jawbone | Connected to crown by neck
36
Cement?
Calcified connective tissue | Covers root; attaches to periodontal ligament
37
Periodontal ligament?
Forms fibrous joint called gomphosis | Anchors tooth to bony socket
38
Dentin
Bonelike material under enamel | Maintained by odontoblasts of pulp cavity
39
Pulp of pulp cavity
Connective tissue , blood vessels, and nerves
40
What is alimentary canal?
Mouth to anus
41
What breaks down calcium salts in the teeth?
acid from bacteria
42
what degrades organic matter in the oral cavity?
proteolytic enzymes
43
describe gengivitis
plaque calcifies to form calculus (tartar) calculus disrups the seal between gingivae and teeth anaerobic bacteria infect gums infection reversible if calculus is removed
44
describe periodontitis
immune cells attack intruders and body tissues and destroy periodontal ligament and activates osteoclasts to dissolve bone
45
What cells line the pharynx?
stratified squamous epithelium (mucus producing glands) | skeletal muscle layer: inner longitudinal layer, outer pharyngeal constrictors
46
What is the esophagus
- flat muscular tube from laryngopharynx to stomach - pierces diaphragm at the esophageal hiatus - joins stomach at cardial orifice
47
what structure surrounds the cardial orifice?
gastroesophageal sphincter
48
What causes heartburn?
stomach acid regurgitates into the esophagus
49
what is a hiatal hernia?
- structural abnormality - part of stomach above diaphragm - can lead to heartburn, esophagitis, ulcers, cancer ect.
50
What cell type lines the esophagus?
stratified squamous epithelium
51
What cell type lines the stomach?
simple columnar
52
What substance does esophageal glands secrete to aid in bolus movement?
submucosa
53
What is deglutition?
- swallowing - involves tongue at soft palate, pharynx, esophagus - requires coordination of 22 muscle groups
54
what is the buccal phase?
voluntary contraction of the tongue during mastication
55
what controls the pharyngeal-esophageal phase?
involuntary- primarily controlled by vagus nerve | control center located in medulla and pons
56
What is the term for what the stomach converts a bolus of food to?
chyme
57
what is the cardial part of the stomach
surrounds the cardial orifice
58
where is the fundus
dome-shaped region beneath the diaphragm
59
where is the pyloric part of the stomach
continuous with the duodenum through the pyloric valve
60
what is the antrum
superior portion of the stomach
61
what is the sphincter controlling stomach emptying
pyloric valve
62
what is the lesser omentum
mesenteries tether stomach from liver to the lesser curvature
63
what is the greater omentum
contains fat deposits and lymph nodes
64
describe the ANS nerve supply to the somach
symphathetic from thoracic splanchnic nerves via celiac plexus parasympathetic via vagus nerve
65
describe the blood supply to the stomach
celiac trunk | veins of hepatic portal system
66
how many tunics make up the stomach
four
67
what is the muscularis externa in the stomach
three layers of smooth muscle | inner oblique layer allows stomach to churn, mix, move, and physically break down food
68
what is the secretion of the mucosa layer of the stomach
two layer coat of alkaline mucus
69
What are the different cell types found in the stomach
mucous neck cells parietal cells chief cells enteroendocrine cells
70
what glands produce the most gastric juice
glands in fundus and body
71
what are the secretions of parietal cells. main function of the secretion
-hydrochloric acid denatures proteins, activates pepsin, breaks down plant cell wall -intrinsic factor glycoprotein required for absorption of B12 in small intestine
72
what are the secretions of chief cells
pepsinogen (part of a positive feedback mechanism) | lipases to digest about 15% of lipids
73
what is the function and secretions of enteroendocrine cells
- secrete chemical messengers into lamina propria | - act as paracrines to secrete serotonin and histamines -also secrete homone somatostatin and gastrin
74
what is the only stomach function essential to life? why?
secretion of intrinsic factor for b12 absorption - b12 needed to mature red blood cells - lack of b12 causes pernicious anemia
75
under what stimulations do stomach secretion increase and decrease
vagus nerve stimulation increases | sympathetic stimulation decreases
76
what are the three phases of gastric secretion
``` Cephalic phase (triggered by aroma, taste, sight, thought) gastric phase (stimulated by distension, peptides, low acidity, gastrin) intestinal phase (stimulated by partially digested food entering sm intest/ inhibited by irritating substances) ```
77
what three stimuli are necessary for max HCl secretion
gastrin, ACh, histamine
78
what is the function of enterogastric reflex
three reflexes act to inhibit vagal nuclei in medulla, inhibit local reflexes, and activate sympathetic fibers, decrease gastric activity
79
what factors inhibit gastric secretion?
enterogastrones (secretin, CCK, and VIP)
80
what is dumping syndrome?
small intestine forced to accept more chyme
81
what happens as chyme enters the duodenum
receptors respond to stretch and chemical signaling | enterogastric reflex and enterogastrones inhibit gastric secretion and duodenum filling
82
what substances move through the duodenum quickly? more slowly?
carbohydrate-rich= fast | fatty chyme moves through slow
83
what structure is the main bile duct and pancreatic duct
duodenum
84
where do the bile and pancreatic ducts join and enter the duodenum
join at hepatopancreatic ampulla enters at major duodenal papillae (entry controlled by hepatopancreatic sphincter)
85
what nerves serve the small intestine
vagus and thoracic splanchnic nerves
86
what artery supplies the small intestine
superior mesenteric artery
87
where do veins of the small intestine drain before entering the liver
into superior mesenteric veins and then into the hepatic portal vein
88
what are some structural modifications of the small intestine
increased surface area (circular folds, villi, etc. )

A&P 2 (4 decks)

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