Exam 3

Question 1

Schizophrenia symptom types

Answer 1

1. Positive symptoms-> pathological additions to normal behavior
2. Negative symptoms-> characteristics lacking, ex. Inability to communicate
3. Psychomotor Symptoms-> odd gestures, excited movements

Question 2

Sexual dysfunction characteristic patterns

Answer 2

Lifelong vs acquired
Generalized vs situational
Cause psychological or physiological or combo

Question 3

Sexual response cycle

Answer 3

Master sand Johnson:
Desire
Excitement
Orgasm
Resolution

Question 4

Desire

Answer 4

Involves interest or desire for sexual contact

Question 5

Excitement

Answer 5

Experience of pleasure associated with blood flow to genitalia
( men, erection; women, lubrication)

Question 6

Orgasm

Answer 6

Muscle tension and experience of pleasure

Men, ejaculation; women, contraction of outer vaginal walls

Question 7

Resolution

Answer 7

Relaxation and sense of well being

Men, refractory period and no more arousal; women, no refractory and further arousal and orgasms are possible

Question 8

Orgasm for women

Answer 8

Stage 1: strong genital sensation, suspension or stoppage

Question 9

Schizophrenia symptoms

Answer 9

at least 1:
-delusions
-hallucinations
-disorganized speech
Other:
-disorganized behavior
-negative symptoms 
2 or more symptoms present during 1 month, but for at least 6 months

Question 10

Bullying

Answer 10

Over one-quarter of students report being bullied
frequently, and more than 70% report having been a victim at least onc

Question 11

Disorders that have adult counterparts

Answer 11

Childhood anxiety

Childhood depression

Question 12

Disorders that go extinct or change

Answer 12

Elimination disorders

Question 13

Disorders that being in birth or childhood and continue through adulthood

Answer 13

Autism spectrum disorder

Intellectual developmental disorder

Question 14

Separation anxiety disorder

Answer 14

¨ displayed by 4 to 10% of all children
¨ Extreme anxiety, often panic, whenever they are separated from home or a parent

Question 15

Time frame for separation anxiety disorder

Answer 15

At least 6 months

Question 16

Childhood major depressive disorder

Answer 16

Depression in the young may be triggered by negative life events (particularly losses), major changes, rejection, or ongoing abuse
¨ Childhood depression is characterized by such symptoms as headaches, stomach pain, irritability, and a disinterest in toys and games
¨ Clinical depression is much more common among teenagers than among young children
¤ Suicidal thoughts and attempts are common in
teenagers

Question 17

Bipolar disorder

Answer 17

Often considered an adult mood disorder, whose earliest age of onset is the late teens
¤ Theorists suggest the diagnosis has become a clinical
“catchall” that is being applied to almost every explosive,
aggressive child
¤ The current shift in diagnoses has been accompanied by an
increase in the number of children who receive adult medications
¨ The DSM-5 task force concluded that the childhood bipolar label has been overapplied over the past two decades. To help rectify this problem, DSM-5 now includes a new category, disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD

Question 18

Time frame for disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

Answer 18

Outbursts occur 3 or more times a week for at least a year

Question 19

Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

Answer 19

Severe and recurrent temper outbursts that are out of proportion to the situation
Angry or irritable between out bursts
Symptoms are persistent in at least 2 settings
Between 6 and 18

Question 20

Oppositional defiant disorder

Answer 20

Oppositional defiant disorder: Children with this disorder are repeatedly argumentative and defiant, angry and irritable, and, in some cases, vindictive.
• Characterized by repeated arguments with adults, loss of temper, anger, and resentment
• Children with this disorder ignore adult requests and rules, try to annoy people, and blame others for their mistakes and problems

Question 21

Conduct disorder

Answer 21

Children with conduct disorder, a more severe problem, repeatedly violate the basic rights of others
¤ Often aggressive and
may be physically cruel
to people and animals
¤ Many steal from,
threaten, or harm their
victims
¤ Begins between 7 and 15 years of age

Question 22

Time frame for conduct disorder

Answer 22

At least 3 of the following symptoms over 12 months and an episode had to have happened in the last 6 months
Bullying, fighting, lying etc

Question 23

Conduct disorder

Relational aggression

Answer 23

individuals are socially isolated and primarily display social misdeeds ¤ Slander
¤ Rumor-starting
¤ Friendship manipulation
¨ More common among girls than boys

Question 24

Causes of conduct disorder

Answer 24

Both generic and biological factors
Drug abuse
Poverty traumatic events
Exposure ro violent peers
Troubled relationships
Inadequate parenting
Hostility

Question 25

Sociocultural treatments

Answer 25

Family interventions ¤ Parent-child interaction therapy ¤ Parent management training ¨ Residential treatment ¤ Community-based ¨ School programs

Question 26

Child focused treatment

Answer 26

Focus primarily on the child with conduct disorder ¨ Cognitive-behavioral interventions ¤ Problem-solving skills training n modeling, practice, role-playing, and systematic rewards ¤ Anger Coping and Coping Power Program

Question 27

Attention deficit/ hyperactivity

Answer 27

Children who display attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have great difficulty attending to tasks, behave overactively and impulsively, or both ¨ The primary symptoms of ADHD may feed into one another, but in many cases one of the symptoms stands out more than the other

Question 28

About half of children with ADHD have:

Answer 28

``` Learning or communication difficulties Poor school performance Difficulty interacting Misbehavior Problems with mood or anxiety ```

Question 29

ADHD/ hyperactivity checklist

Answer 29

At least 6 for inattention: Careless mistakes, can't keep attention, failure to follow through, can't listen when spoken directly to, avoids activities that involve mental focus, easily distracted, forgetful At least 6 for hyperactivity or impulsivity: Fidgeting, wanders from seat, diificulty during leisure activity, on the go, excessive talking, blurting out, can't wait turn At least 6 months for symptoms

Question 30

Causes for ADHD

Answer 30

Clinicians generally consider ADHD to have several interacting causes, including: ¤ Biological causes, particularly abnormal dopamine activity, and abnormalities in the frontal-striatal regions of the brain ¤ High levels of stress ¤ Family dysfunctioning

Question 31

How Is ADHD Treated?

Answer 31

About 80% of all children and adolescents with ADHD receive treatment ¨ There is, however, heated disagreement about the most effective treatment for ADHD ¤ The most commonly applied approaches are drug therapy, behavioral therapy, or a combination ¤ Millions of children and adults with ADHD are currently treated with methylphenidate (Ritalin), a stimulant drug that has been available for decades

Question 32

ADHD drug therapy

Answer 32

Methylphenidate (Ritalin) or other stimulant drugs | 2.2 million or 3% of school take Ritalin

Question 33

ADHD behavior therapy or combination therapy

Answer 33

Behavioral therapy has been applied in many cases of ADHD ¤ Parents and teachers learn how to apply operant conditioning techniques to change behavior ¤ These treatments have often been helpful, especially when combined with drug therapy

Question 34

ADHD multicultural factors

Answer 34

Studies indicate that African American and Hispanic American children with significant attention and activity problems are less likely than white American children to be assessed for ADHD, receive an ADHD diagnosis, or undergo treatment for the disorder ¤ Those who do receive a diagnosis are less likely than white children to be treated with the interventions that seem to be of most help, including the promising (but more expensive) long-acting stimulant drugs ¤ In part, racial differences in diagnosis and treatment are tied to economic factors

Question 35

Elimination disorders

Answer 35

Children with elimination disorders repeatedly urinate or pass feces in their clothes, in bed, or on the floor ¨ They have already reached an age at which they are expected to control these bodily functions ¤ These symptoms are not caused by physical illness

Question 36

Enuresis

Answer 36

Consistent intentional or unintentional bed wetting at night Typically occurs at night during sleep but may also occur during the day • The problem may be triggered by a stressful event • Children must be at least 5 years of age to receive this diagnosis • Most cases of enuresis correct themselves without treatment

Question 37

Encopresis

Answer 37

Less common then enuresis and less well researched | Is usually involuntary • Seldom occurs during sleep • Starts after the age of 4 • Is more common in boys than girls

Question 38

Long-Term Disorders That Begin in Childhood

Answer 38

Two groups of disorders that emerge during childhood are likely to continue unchanged throughout a person's life: ¤ Autism spectrum disorders ¤ Intellectual developmental disorder ¨ Autism spectrum disorders are a group of disorders marked by impaired social interactions, unusual communications, and inappropriate responses to stimuli in the environment

Question 39

Autism Spectrum Disorder

Answer 39

Autism spectrum disorder, or autism spectrum disorder, was first identified in 1943 ¨ Children with this disorder are extremely unresponsive to others, uncommunicative, repetitive, and rigid ¨ Symptoms appear early in life, before age 3 ¨ Around 80% of all cases appear in boys

Question 40

Autism Spectrum Disorder checklist

Answer 40

Must have all of following: Deficits in social emotional reciprocity, problems with nonverbal communication, difficulties in developing/maintaining relationships 2 of the following: Repetitive speech, motor movement, or use of objects, excessive adherence to routines/ resistance to change, abnormal interest/ extreme interests, hyper/hypo reactive

Question 41

Autism spectrum disorder

Answer 41

As many as 90% of children the disorder remain significantly disabled into adulthood ¤ Even the highest-functioning adults with autism spectrum disorder typically have problems in social interactions and communication, and have restricted interests and activities ¨ Lack of responsiveness and social reciprocity ¨ Language and communication problems take various forms ¤ One common speech peculiarity is echolalia, the exact echoing of phrases spoken by others ¤ Another is pronominal reversal, or confusion of pronouns

Question 42

Aspergers disorder

Answer 42

DSM 5- not a distinct disorder, those who previously received this diagnosis should now receive a diagnosis for autism spectrum disorder

Question 43

Autism spectrum disorder psychological causes

Answer 43

• Some theorists say people with autism spectrum disorder have a central perceptual or cognitive disturbance • Individuals fail to develop a theory of mind – an awareness that other people base their behaviors on their own beliefs, intentions, and other mental states, not on information they have no way of knowing • It has been theorized that early biological problems prevented proper cognitive development

Question 44

Autism spectrum disorder sociocultural causes

Answer 44

Some clinical theorists have proposed that a high degree of family dysfunction, social and environmental stress is a factor in the disorder • Research does not support this theory

Question 45

Autism spectrum disorders biological causes

Answer 45

While a detailed biological explanation for autism spectrum disorder has not yet been developed, promising leads have been uncovered • Examination of relatives keeps suggesting a genetic factor in the disorder • Prevalence rates are higher among siblings and highest among identical twins • Researchers have also identified specific biological abnormalities that may contribute to the disorder, particularly in the cerebellum

Question 46

Autism spectrum disorder cognitive behavioral therapy

Answer 46

Behavioral approaches have been used in cases of autism spectrum disorder to teach new, appropriate behaviors – including speech, social skills, classroom skills, and self-help skills – while reducing negative behaviors • Most often, therapists use modeling and operant conditioning • Therapies are ideally applied when they are started early in the children's lives • Given the recent increases in the prevalence of autism spectrum disorder, many school districts are now trying to provide education and training for autistic children in special classes • Most school districts, however, remain ill equipped to meet the profound needs of these students

Question 47

Communication training for autism spectrum disorder

Answer 47

Even when given intensive behavioral treatment, half of the people with autism spectrum disorder remain speechless • They are often taught other forms of communication, including sign language and simultaneous communication • They may also use augmentative communication systems, such as “communication boards” or computers that use pictures, symbols, or written words, to represent objects or needs • Such programs also now use child-initiated interactions to help improve communication skills

Question 48

Parent training for autism spectrum disorder

Answer 48

Today's treatment programs involve parents in a variety of ways • For example, behavioral programs train parents so they can apply behavioral techniques at home • In addition, individual therapy and support groups are becoming more available to help parents deal with their own emotions and needs

Question 49

Community integration for autism spectrum disorders

Answer 49

• Many of today's school-based and home-based programs for autism spectrum disorder teach self- help and self-management, as well as living, social, and work skills • In addition, greater numbers of group homes and sheltered workshops are available for teens and young adults with autism spectrum disorder • These programs help individuals become a part of their community and also reduce the concerns of aging parents

Question 50

Intellectual developmental disorder

Answer 50

According to the DSM-5, people should receive a diagnosis of intellectual developmental disorder when they display general intellectual functioning that is well below average, in combination with poor adaptive behavior ¤ IQ must be 70 or lower ¤ The person must have difficulty in such areas as communication, home living, self-direction, work, or safety ¨ Symptoms must appear before age 18

Question 51

Assessing intelligence

Answer 51

Educators and clinicians administer intelligence tests to measure intellectual functioning ¤ These tests consist of a variety of questions and tasks that rely on different aspects of intelligence n Having difficulty in one or two of these subtests or areas of functioning does not necessarily reflect low intelligence n An individual's overall test score, or intelligence quotient (IQ), is thought to indicate general intellectual ability

Question 52

IQ testing

Answer 52

Many theorists have questioned whether IQ tests are indeed valid ¨ Intelligence tests also appear to be socioculturally biased ¨ If IQ tests do not always measure intelligence accurately and objectively, then the diagnosis of intellectual developmental disorder may also be biased ¤ That is, some people may receive the diagnosis partly because of test inadequacies, cultural differences, discomfort with the testing situation, or the bias of a tester

Question 53

Assessing adaptive functioning

Answer 53

Diagnosticians cannot rely solely on a cutoff IQ score of 70 to determine whether a person suffers from intellectual developmental disorder ¨ Several scales, such as the Vineland and AAMR Adaptive Behavior Scales, have been developed to assess adaptive behavior ¤ For proper diagnosis, clinicians should observe the functioning of each individual in his or her everyday environment, taking both the person's background and the community standards into account

Question 54

Features of intellectual developmental disorders

Answer 54

The most consistent sign of intellectual developmental disorder is that the person learns very slowly ¨ Other areas of difficulty are attention, short-term memory, planning, and language ¤ Those who are institutionalized with intellectual developmental disorder are particularly likely to have these limitations

Question 55

4 levels of intellectual developmental disorders IQ

Answer 55

mild 50-70 Moderate 35-49 Severe 20-34 Profound below 20

Question 56

Mild IDD

Answer 56

Approximately 80% to 85% of all people with intellectual developmental disorder fall into the category of mild IDD (IQ 50–70) ¤ Interestingly, intellectual performance seems to improve with age ¨ Research has linked mild intellectual developmental disorder mainly to sociocultural and psychological causes, particularly: ¤ Poor and unstimulating environments ¤ Inadequate parent-child interactions ¤ Insufficient early learning experiences

Question 57

Moderate, severe, profound IDD

Answer 57

Approximately 10% of persons with intellectual developmental disorder function at a level of moderate IDD (IQ 35–49) ¤ They can care for themselves, benefit from vocational training, and can work in unskilled or semiskilled jobs ¨ Approximately 3% to 4% of persons with intellectual developmental disorder display severe IDD (IQ 20–34) ¤ They usually require careful supervision and can perform only basic work tasks ¤ They are rarely able to live independently

Question 58

Moderate, severe, profound IDD

Answer 58

About 1% to 2% of persons with intellectual developmental disorder fall into the category of profound IDD (IQ below 20) ¤ With training they may learn or improve basic skills but they need a very structured environment ¨ Severe and profound levels of intellectual developmental disorder often appear as part of larger syndromes that include severe physical handicaps

Question 59

Causes for IDD

Answer 59

The primary causes of moderate, severe, and profound IDD are biological, although people who function at these levels are also greatly affected by their family and social environment ¤ Sometimes genetic factors are at the root of these biological problems n Other biological causes come from unfavorable conditions that occur before, during, or after birth

Question 60

Chromosomal causes for IDD

Answer 60

The most common chromosomal disorder leading to intellectual developmental disorder is Down syndrome • Fewer than 1 of every 1000 live births result in Down syndrome, but this rate increases greatly when the mother's age is over 35 • Several types of chromosomal abnormalities may cause Down syndrome, but the most common is trisomy 21 • Fragile X syndrome is the second most common chromosomal cause of intellectual developmental disorder

Question 61

Metabolic causes for IDD

Answer 61

In metabolic disorders, the body's breakdown or production of chemicals is disturbed • The metabolic disorders that affect intelligence and development are typically caused by the pairing of two defective recessive genes, one from each parent • Examples include: • Phenylketonuria (PKU) • Tay-Sachs disease

Question 62

Pre natal and birth related causes for IDD

Answer 62

As a fetus develops, major physical problems in the pregnant mother can threaten the child's healthy development • Low iodine may lead to cretinism • Alcohol use may lead to fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) • Certain maternal infections during pregnancy (e.g., rubella, syphilis) may cause childhood problems including intellectual developmental disorder • Birth complications, such as a prolonged period without oxygen (anoxia), can also lead to intellectual developmental disorder

Question 63

Childhood problems with IDD

Answer 63

After birth, particularly up to age 6, certain injuries and accidents can affect intellectual functioning • Examples include poisoning, serious head injury, excessive exposure to x-rays, and excessive use of certain chemicals, minerals, and/or drugs (e.g., lead paint) • Certain infections, such as meningitis and encephalitis, can lead to intellectual developmental disorder if they are not diagnosed and treated in time

Question 64

Intervention for people with IDD

Answer 64

The quality of life attained by people with intellectual developmental disorder depends largely on sociocultural factors ¤ Intervention programs try to provide comfortable and stimulating residences, social and economic opportunities, and a proper education

Question 65

Proper residence

Answer 65

Until recently, parents of children with intellectual developmental disorder would send them to live in public institutions – state schools – as early as possible ¨ During the 1960s and 1970s, the public became more aware of these conditions and, as part of the broader deinstitutionalization movement, demanded that many people be released from these schools Since deinstitutionalization, reforms have led to the creation of small institutions and other community residences that teach self-sufficiency, devote more time to patient care, and offer education and medical services

Question 66

Which educational programs work best

Answer 66

Because early intervention seems to offer such great promise, educational programs for individuals with intellectual developmental disorder may begin during the earliest years ¨ At issue are special education versus mainstream classrooms ¤ In special education, children with intellectual developmental disorder are grouped together in a separate, specially designed educational program ¤ Mainstreaming places them in regular classes ¤ Neither approach seems consistently superior ¤ Teacher preparedness is a factor that plays into decisions about mainstreaming

Question 67

When is therapy needed

Answer 67

People with intellectual developmental disorder sometimes experience emotional and behavioral problems ¤ Around 30% or more have a diagnosable psychological disorder other than intellectual developmental disorder ¤ Some suffer from low self-esteem, interpersonal problems, and adjustment difficulties ¨ These problems are helped to some degree by individual or group therapy ¤ Psychotropic medication is sometimes prescribed