Exam 3

Question 1

What is center of gravity?

Answer 1

Point at which total mass of the body is equally distributed
Anterior to S1
55-57% of height

Question 2

What is stability?

Answer 2

Ability to resist movement

Question 3

What is mobility?

Answer 3

Ability to move readily

Question 4

What factors affect stability?

Answer 4

Size of bass
Height of Center of Gravity
Location of Center of gravity
Body mass
Friction
Visual, psychological and physiological

Question 5

What are the three types of equilibrium?

Answer 5

Stable
Unstable
Neutral

Question 6

What is stable equilibrium?

Answer 6

Disturbing an object raises center of gravity

Question 7

What is unstable equilibrium?

Answer 7

An object will move in the direction of displacement

Question 8

What is neutral equilibrium?

Answer 8

Center of gravity neither raised nor lowered with external force

Question 9

What is posture?

Answer 9

Alignment of the vertebral column and its parts

Question 10

What is balance?

Answer 10

The maintenance of posture

Question 11

What are the functions of posture and balance?

Answer 11

Help maintain body segment alignment
Allows for effective engagement in voluntary movement
Reacting to unexpected balance disturbances

Question 12

What is dynamic posture?

Answer 12

Posture of motion

Question 13

What is static posture?

Answer 13

Involves little motion, but not necessarily motionless

Question 14

What happens when postural control fails?

Answer 14

We engage muscles not suited for activity

Biomechanics suffer

Question 15

What is standing posture?

Answer 15

Head erect
Even weight distribution
Even bilateral structures

Question 16

What is sitting posture?

Answer 16

Anterior pelvic tilt
Both feet flat on floor
Both palms on surface

Question 17

What is static postural control?

Answer 17

Allows for maintenance of center of gravity with the base of support
Happens with postural sway

Question 18

What is reactive postural control?

Answer 18

Allows for maintenance of balance in response to unexpected events
Righting response

Question 19

What is anticipatory postural control?

Answer 19

Movements in anticipation of a loss of balance

Question 20

What is adaptive postural control?

Answer 20

Allows for movement modification for prolonged activity

Question 21

What is the hip joint comprised of?

Answer 21

Right and left coxae and sacrum (pelvic girdle)

Question 22

What does the hip joints stability come from?

Answer 22

Bony architecture
Strong ligaments
Large supportive muscles

Question 23

What bone is weight bearing in the lower leg?

Answer 23

Tibia

Question 24

What are the structures of the patella?

Answer 24

Superior base
Inferior apex
Articular facets

Question 25

What are the ligaments of the knee?

Answer 25

``` Transverse Anterior cruciate Posterior cruciate Tibial collateral Fibular collateral Oblique popliteal Arcuate popliteal ```

Question 26

What does the transverse ligament do?

Answer 26

Connects menisci to each other | In front of knee

Question 27

What does the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) do?

Answer 27

Main ligament in knee stability Connects front of tibia to back of femur Prevents femur posterior displacement

Question 28

What does the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) do?

Answer 28

Connects front of femur to back of tibia

Question 29

What does the tibial collateral ligament(MCL) do?

Answer 29

Connects tibia to femur (medial)

Question 30

What does the fibular collateral ligament (LCL) do?

Answer 30

Connects fibula to femur | Laterally

Question 31

What does the oblique popliteal ligament do?

Answer 31

Enforces medial-posterior corner of the knee

Question 32

What does the arcuate popliteal ligament do?

Answer 32

Connects head of fibula to condyles

Question 33

What are the two lines of pull that is equal to Q angle?

Answer 33

ASIS to patella | Center of patella to tibial tuberosity

Question 34

What is normal Q angle for men? | Women?

Answer 34

Less than or equal to 15 degrees | Less than or equal to 20 degrees

Question 35

What are the proximal tarsal bones?

Answer 35

Calcaneous Talus Navicular

Question 36

What is the lateral longitudinal arch?

Answer 36

Extends from heel to little toe

Question 37

What is the longitudinal arch?

Answer 37

Extends from heel to halluc

Question 38

What is les planus?

Answer 38

No arch when in weight bearing position

Question 39

What is pes cavus?

Answer 39

Heightened arch

Question 40

What are the three causes of gait abnormalities?

Answer 40

Trendelberg gait ACL deficiencies Neurological conditions

Question 41

What is locomotion?

Answer 41

The act or power of moving from place to place

Question 42

What is gait?

Answer 42

A particular form of locomotion

Question 43

What is walking?

Answer 43

Upright bipedal locomotion that consists of two phases

Question 44

What are the characteristics of stance phase?

Answer 44

60% of the time | Heel contact, foot flat, midstance, heel-off, toe-off

Question 45

What are the two phases of walking?

Answer 45

Stance phase | Swing phase

Question 46

What are the steps of swing phase of walking?

Answer 46

Initial, mid and terminal swing

Question 47

What is cadence?

Answer 47

Number of steps taken per minute

Question 48

What is slow cadence? Fast? Male average? Female average?

Answer 48

Slow 70 Fast 130 Men 113 Women 117

Question 49

What is crawling?

Answer 49

Locomotion on both hands and stomach

Question 50

What is creeping?

Answer 50

Locomotion on hands and knees

Question 51

What must occur for gait to fully develop?

Answer 51

``` Increase hip ROM Increased ankle ROM Decrease step width Increase stride length Enhanced counterbalance muscle activity ```

Question 52

What are the phases of running?

Answer 52

Swing Stance Float

Question 53

What is the float phase?

Answer 53

Period of nonsupport

Question 54

At what speed does running begin?

Answer 54

4.5mph

Question 55

What is jumping?

Answer 55

Leave from two, land on two

Question 56

What is leaping?

Answer 56

Leave from one, land on the other

Question 57

What is hopping?

Answer 57

Leave from one, land on the same

Question 58

What is assemble?

Answer 58

Leave from one, land on two